Ulysses Sequence Parallelism: Training with Million-Token Contexts

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Training large language models on long sequences has become essential for building capable AI systems. As models are increasingly used for tasks like document analysis, code understanding, complex reasoning, and RAG workloads, the need to process sequences of hundreds of thousands—or even millions—of tokens has grown dramatically. To put this in perspective, an average book is roughly 250k tokens, so training on multi-document contexts or book-length inputs requires handling sequences well beyond what fits on a single GPU. However, training with such long contexts presents significant memory challenges: the attention computation scales quadratically with sequence length, quickly exceeding GPU memory for contexts beyond tens of thousands of tokens.

Ulysses Sequence Parallelism (part of the Arctic Long Sequence Training (ALST) protocol from Snowflake AI Research) provides an elegant solution by distributing the attention computation across multiple GPUs through attention head parallelism. In this post, we'll explore how Ulysses works and how it's been integrated across the Hugging Face ecosystem—from Accelerate to the Transformers Trainer and TRL's SFTTrainer.

Contents

• The Challenge of Long Sequence Training
• How Ulysses Works
• Integration with Accelerate
• Integration with Transformers Trainer
• Integration with TRL's SFTTrainer
• Comparing Ulysses and Ring Attention
• Best Practices
• Benchmarks
• Resources

The Challenge of Long Sequence Training

The attention mechanism in transformers scales quadratically with sequence length. For a sequence of length n n , standard attention requires O(n2) O(n^2) FLOPs and O(n2) O(n^2) memory to compute and store the attention score matrix. Optimized implementations like FlashAttention reduce the memory to O(n) O(n) by tiling the computation and never materializing the full attention matrix—but the O(n2) O(n^2) compute remains. For very long sequences (32k+ tokens), even with FlashAttention, training still pushes the limits of single-GPU memory.

Consider these scenarios where long-context training is essential:

• Document understanding: Processing entire books, legal documents, or research papers
• Code analysis: Understanding large codebases with multiple interconnected files
• Reasoning tasks: Models that "think" step-by-step may generate thousands of tokens during inference
• Retrieval-augmented generation: Incorporating many retrieved passages into the context

Traditional data parallelism doesn't help here—each GPU still needs to process the full sequence inside the attention block. We need a way to split the sequence itself across multiple devices.

How Ulysses Works

Ulysses Sequence Parallelism (SP), introduced in the DeepSpeed Ulysses paper, takes a clever approach: in addition to splitting on the sequence dimension, it also partitions the attention heads across GPUs.

Ulysses splits input sequences along the sequence dimension and uses all-to-all communication to exchange key-value pairs, enabling each GPU to compute a subset of attention heads. (Source: Snowflake Engineering Blog)

Here's how it works:

1. Sequence Sharding: The input sequence is split along the sequence dimension across P P GPUs. Each GPU i i holds tokens [i⋅n/P,(i+1)⋅n/P) [i \cdot n/P, (i+1) \cdot n/P) .

2. QKV Projection: Each GPU computes the query, key, and value projections for its local sequence chunk.

3. All-to-All Communication: An all-to-all collective operation redistributes the data so that each GPU holds all sequence positions after the projections, but only for a subset of attention heads.

4. Local Attention: Each GPU computes attention for its assigned heads using standard attention mechanisms (FlashAttention or SDPA).

5. All-to-All Communication: Another all-to-all operation reverses the redistribution, returning to sequence-sharded format.

6. Output Projection: Each GPU computes the output projection for its local sequence chunk.

The key insight is that attention heads are independent—each head can be computed separately. By trading sequence locality for head locality, Ulysses enables efficient parallelization with relatively low communication overhead.

Communication Complexity

Ulysses requires two all-to-all operations per attention layer, with total communication volume of O(n⋅d/P) O(n \cdot d / P) per GPU, where:

• n n is the sequence length
• d d is the hidden dimension
• P P is the parallelism degree

Ring Attention communicates O(n⋅d) O(n \cdot d) per GPU — a factor of P P more — via P−1 P-1 sequential point-to-point transfers around the ring. Ulysses also benefits from lower latency because all-to-all can exploit full bisectional bandwidth in a single collective step, whereas Ring Attention serializes over P−1 P-1 hops.

Integration with Accelerate

Accelerate provides the foundation for Ulysses sequence parallelism through its ParallelismConfig class and DeepSpeed integration.

Configuration

from accelerate import Accelerator
from accelerate.utils import ParallelismConfig, DeepSpeedSequenceParallelConfig

parallelism_config = ParallelismConfig(
    sp_backend="deepspeed",
    sp_size=4,  # Split across 4 GPUs
    dp_shard_size=1,  # Must satisfy: dp_replicate × dp_shard × sp_size = num_processes
    sp_handler=DeepSpeedSequenceParallelConfig(
        sp_seq_length=None,  # None for variable-length sequences
        sp_seq_length_is_variable=True,
        sp_attn_implementation="flash_attention_2",  # or "sdpa"
    ),
)

accelerator = Accelerator(parallelism_config=parallelism_config)

Key Parameters

Parameter	Description
sp_size	Number of GPUs for sequence parallelism
sp_backend	Must be "deepspeed" for Ulysses
sp_seq_length_is_variable	Set to True for varying sequence lengths across batches
sp_attn_implementation	"flash_attention_2", "flash_attention_3", or "sdpa"

Using the Accelerator

When you call accelerator.prepare(), Ulysses is automatically set up:

from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM

model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("meta-llama/Llama-3.1-8B")
optimizer = torch.optim.AdamW(model.parameters(), lr=1e-5)

# This registers the model with Ulysses and wraps the dataloader
model, optimizer, dataloader = accelerator.prepare(model, optimizer, dataloader)

The prepare() call:

1. Registers the model with DeepSpeed's UlyssesSPAttentionHF
2. Wraps the dataloader with UlyssesSPDataLoaderAdapter to handle sequence sharding
3. Automatically injects shift_labels for correct loss computation

Loss Aggregation

With Ulysses, each GPU computes loss on different parts of the sequence. The losses must be aggregated properly, weighted by the number of valid tokens per rank. If you're using the Transformers Trainer or TRL's SFTTrainer, this is handled automatically—the code below is only needed when writing a custom Accelerate training loop:

sp_size = parallelism_config.sp_size
if sp_size > 1:
    from deepspeed.utils import groups

    sp_group = groups._get_sequence_parallel_group()

    # Gather losses and token counts from all SP ranks
    losses_per_rank = torch.distributed.nn.functional.all_gather(loss, group=sp_group)
    good_tokens = (batch["shift_labels"] != -100).view(-1).sum()
    good_tokens_per_rank = torch.distributed.nn.functional.all_gather(good_tokens, group=sp_group)

    # Weighted aggregation
    total_loss = sum(
        losses_per_rank[i] * good_tokens_per_rank[i]
        for i in range(sp_size)
        if good_tokens_per_rank[i] > 0
    )
    loss = total_loss / max(sum(good_tokens_per_rank), 1)

accelerator.backward(loss)

The weighted loss aggregation ensures correct gradients when tokens are unevenly distributed across ranks (e.g., when some ranks contain only padding or masked out prompt tokens).

Both Ulysses and Ring Attention use position_ids instead of attention_mask for causal masking during training. A 4D attention mask at these sequence lengths would be just as prohibitive as the attention scores themselves—at 128k tokens, that's another ~1TB tensor. Position IDs achieve the same causal behavior with O(n) O(n) memory instead of O(n2) O(n^2) . During evaluation/inference, DeepSpeed's SP attention layer can bypass the SP operations entirely (via disable_in_eval) and fall back to the model's default attention implementation.

Integration with Transformers Trainer

The Transformers Trainer provides seamless Ulysses integration through TrainingArguments.parallelism_config. It handles all the SP-specific details automatically—dataloader wrapping, sequence sharding, and loss aggregation—so you don't need to write any of the custom loss code shown above.

Configuration

Just pass the same parallelism_config from above into TrainingArguments:

from transformers import TrainingArguments

training_args = TrainingArguments(
    parallelism_config=parallelism_config,  # same ParallelismConfig as above
    per_device_train_batch_size=1,
)

What the Trainer Handles Automatically

1. Dataloader Wrapping: After model preparation, the Trainer wraps the dataloader with UlyssesSPDataLoaderAdapter

2. Loss Computation: The compute_loss method detects SP mode and routes to specialized _deepspeed_sp_compute_loss which handles:

   • Gathering losses across SP ranks
   • Computing valid token counts per rank
   • Weighted loss aggregation

3. Batch Size Calculation: The effective data parallel world size accounts for SP:

   dp_world_size = world_size // sp_size
   

4. Dataloader Length Adjustment: Training step calculations are adjusted for SP's effect on iteration count

Launch Command

Use an accelerate config file or command-line arguments:

accelerate launch \
    --config_file deepspeed_ulysses.yaml \
    train.py \
    --per_device_train_batch_size 1

Integration with TRL SFTTrainer

TRL's SFTTrainer builds on the Transformers Trainer and adds specific optimizations for supervised fine-tuning with long sequences.

Configuration

from trl import SFTConfig, SFTTrainer
from accelerate.utils import ParallelismConfig, DeepSpeedSequenceParallelConfig

parallelism_config = ParallelismConfig(
    sp_backend="deepspeed",
    sp_size=2,
    dp_shard_size=2,  # 2D parallelism: SP × DP = 4 GPUs
    sp_handler=DeepSpeedSequenceParallelConfig(
        sp_seq_length_is_variable=True,
        sp_attn_implementation="flash_attention_2",
    ),
)

training_args = SFTConfig(
    ...,
    parallelism_config=parallelism_config,
    max_length=32768,
    pad_to_multiple_of=2,  # Must equal sp_size
    per_device_train_batch_size=1,
)

trainer = SFTTrainer(
    model=model,
    args=training_args,
    train_dataset=dataset,
)
trainer.train()

Key SFTConfig Parameters for Ulysses

Parameter	Description
pad_to_multiple_of	Must equal sp_size to ensure sequence divisibility
max_length	Global sequence length (before splitting across GPUs)
packing	Works well with SP — packing reduces padding waste, especially for variable-length sequences

Accelerate Config File

Create alst_ulysses_4gpu.yaml:

compute_environment: LOCAL_MACHINE
distributed_type: DEEPSPEED
mixed_precision: bf16
num_processes: 4
deepspeed_config:
  zero_stage: 3
  seq_parallel_communication_data_type: bf16
parallelism_config:
  parallelism_config_sp_size: 2
  parallelism_config_sp_backend: deepspeed
  parallelism_config_dp_shard_size: 2
  parallelism_config_sp_seq_length_is_variable: true
  parallelism_config_sp_attn_implementation: flash_attention_2

Complete Training Command

accelerate launch --config_file alst_ulysses_4gpu.yaml \
    trl/scripts/sft.py \
    --model_name_or_path meta-llama/Llama-3.1-8B \
    --dataset_name trl-lib/Capybara \
    --max_length 32768 \
    --packing \
    --pad_to_multiple_of 2 \
    --per_device_train_batch_size 1

Shift Labels Handling

The SFTTrainer automatically handles pre-shifted labels when Ulysses is enabled:

# When using SP, labels are pre-shifted by the dataloader adapter
# The trainer detects this and uses shift_labels directly
labels = inputs["labels"] if "shift_labels" not in inputs else None

# Loss computation uses the pre-shifted labels
if "shift_labels" in inputs:
    shift_logits = outputs.logits.contiguous()
    shift_labels = inputs["shift_labels"]
else:
    shift_logits = outputs.logits[..., :-1, :].contiguous()
    shift_labels = labels[..., 1:].contiguous()

Comparing Ulysses and Ring Attention

Both Ulysses and Ring Attention enable long-context training, but they have different characteristics:

Aspect	Ulysses (DeepSpeed)	Ring Attention (FSDP2)
Parallelism Method	Attention head partitioning	Ring-based KV exchange
Backend	DeepSpeed ZeRO	PyTorch FSDP2
Attention Support	FlashAttention 2/3, SDPA	SDPA only
Communication	Two all-to-alls per layer	P2P ring communication
Comm volume per GPU	O(total_seq x hidden / sp_size)	O(total_seq x hidden)
Sequence Divisibility	sp_size	cp_size * 2
Num Head Constraint	num_heads >= sp_size	None

When to Choose Ulysses vs Ring Attention

Since switching between the two only requires changing the accelerate config, we recommend trying both and comparing performance and memory usage on your specific setup. The main constraint is that Ulysses requires num_heads >= sp_size, while Ring Attention has no such limitation.

Best Practices

1. Sequence Length Divisibility

Always ensure your sequence length is divisible by sp_size:

training_args = SFTConfig(
    pad_to_multiple_of=4,  # For sp_size=4
    max_length=32768,  # Must be divisible by 4
)

2. Use Flash Attention

Flash Attention 2 provides cleaner output and better performance than SDPA:

parallelism_config = ParallelismConfig(
    sp_handler=DeepSpeedSequenceParallelConfig(
        sp_attn_implementation="flash_attention_2",
    ),
)

Use Flash Attention 3 for Hopper and look out for Flash Attention 4 release for Blackwell (FA2 on Blackwell is quite slow).

3. Combine with DeepSpeed ZeRO

For very large models, combine Ulysses with ZeRO Stage 3:

deepspeed_config:
  zero_stage: 3
  offload_optimizer:
    device: cpu

If the model is huge, you can offload the params as well by adding to the above:

  offload_param:
    device: cpu

5. Use memory fragmentation-friendly PyTorch allocator

This environment variable will allow for a longer sequence length:

export PYTORCH_ALLOC_CONF=expandable_segments:True

6. 2D Parallelism Configuration

Balance SP and DP for your GPU count:

GPUs	sp_size	dp_shard_size	Use Case
4	2	2	Balanced throughput and sequence length
4	4	1	Maximum sequence length
8	2	4	Higher throughput with moderate sequence length
8	4	2	Longer sequences with moderate throughput

Remember: dp_replicate_size × dp_shard_size × sp_size = num_processes

7. Liger-Kernel

If your desired model architecture is supported by Liger-Kernel, it is fully compatible with Ulysses SP and can be enabled with a single flag:

training_args = SFTConfig(
    use_liger_kernel=True,
)

The main memory saving comes from FusedLinearCrossEntropy which avoids materializing the full logits tensor during loss calculation. The savings grow with longer sequences where the logits tensor is larger.

Additionally, you can enable TiledMLP to further extend sequence length — like FusedLinearCrossEntropy, it saves working memory by tiling large matrix operations.

8. Token Distribution Across Ranks

You don't need to worry about manually balancing tokens across SP ranks—the loss aggregation code handles uneven distributions gracefully (including ranks with zero valid tokens). With random batching over a reasonably sized dataset, the distribution evens out statistically over training.

Benchmarks

To quantify the benefits of Ulysses SP, we trained Qwen3-4B on the Gutenberg English streaming dataset using TRL's SFTTrainer. All experiments ran on H100 80GB GPUs with DeepSpeed ZeRO-3, CPU optimizer offloading, gradient checkpointing, and flash-attn2 as the attention backend.

Setup

Config	GPUs	SP	DP	Seq Length	Grad Acc	Global Batch
Baseline	1	1	1	8K	8	8
SP=4	4	4	1	8K	8	8
SP=4	4	4	1	32K	8	8
SP=4	4	4	1	64K	8	8
SP=4	4	4	1	96K	8	8

The benchmark runs in the table above use the same global batch size (8 micro-batches), cosine learning-rate schedule, and seed, so those benchmark loss curves are directly comparable.

Loss Curve Matching Diagnostics (4 GPU)

To verify SP-vs-DP loss equivalence, we ran controlled 4-GPU A/B experiments with identical seed, model, optimizer, learning-rate schedule, and data order.

Methodology for Fair DP vs SP Comparison

Compared setups:

• DP=4, SP=1, GAS=1 (baseline)
• DP=1, SP=4, GAS=4 (Ulysses SP)

For fair comparison, GAS must scale with SP:

• Ulysses SP splits the sequence across SP ranks, so each SP rank sees roughly 1/SP of the sequence tokens per micro-step.
• If GAS is unchanged, each optimizer step in SP aggregates fewer total tokens than the DP baseline.
• Setting GAS=SP keeps effective tokens per optimizer step matched:
  • DP tokens/step: dp_world_size * micro_batch * seq_len * GAS = 4 * B * L * 1
  • SP tokens/step: dp_world_size * micro_batch * (L/SP) * GAS * SP_ranks = 1 * B * (L/4) * 4 * 4 = 4 * B * L

On Gutenberg text (20 steps), canonical loss matches within logging precision between DP=4,SP=1,GAS=1 and DP=1,SP=4,GAS=4.

Measured over 20 steps on 4 GPUs in controlled equivalence harnesses:

Harness	Metric	DP vs SP setting	Mean abs diff	Max abs diff
Trainer	loss	DP=4, SP=1 vs DP=1, SP=4	0.0054	0.0131
SFTTrainer	logged loss	DP=4, SP=1 vs DP=1, SP=4	0.0811	0.0812
SFTTrainer	canonical NLL	DP=4, SP=1 vs DP=1, SP=4	0.000004	0.000005

Takeaway: under matched token budget, SP and non-SP match on canonical token-normalized loss. The remaining difference is in trainer-reported logging (loss), not in the underlying cross-entropy objective.

Memory Reduction

SP=4 reduces per-GPU memory by 3.3x at the same sequence length, enabling training at up to 96K tokens on 4× H100 80GB. At 128K, the model OOMs.

Config	Seq Length	Peak Memory	Notes
DP=4 (4 GPU)	8K	22.4 GB	Baseline — no SP
SP=4 (4 GPU)	8K	22.8 GB	Similar memory at same seq length
SP=4 (4 GPU)	32K	35.0 GB	4x longer than DP baseline
SP=4 (4 GPU)	64K	50.5 GB	8x longer than DP baseline
SP=4 (4 GPU)	96K	66.0 GB	12x longer than DP baseline
SP=4 (4 GPU)	128K	OOM	Exceeds 80 GB limit

At 8K tokens, DP=4 and SP=4 use nearly the same memory per GPU (~22 GB with ZeRO-3). The advantage of SP is that it enables scaling to much longer sequences: at 96K tokens (12x longer), peak memory is 66 GB — still within the H100's 80 GB capacity. At 128K, the model OOMs, establishing the practical limit for this configuration. DP=4 without SP cannot scale beyond 8K for this model.

Throughput

Longer sequences with SP process dramatically more tokens per second. SP=4 at 64K achieves 3.7x the throughput of the baseline.

Config	Seq Length	Tokens/s	vs Baseline
Baseline (1 GPU)	8K	3,633	—
SP=4 (4 GPU)	8K	3,933	~1x
SP=4 (4 GPU)	32K	7,733	2.1x
SP=4 (4 GPU)	64K	13,396	3.7x

At the same sequence length (8K), SP=4 has comparable throughput to the single-GPU baseline — the all-to-all communication overhead is minimal on NVLink-connected GPUs. The real benefit comes from longer sequences: as sequence length grows, the quadratic attention computation dominates over communication and other overheads, making each training step increasingly compute-efficient. Each step also processes proportionally more tokens, so throughput scales with sequence length. At 64K, SP=4 processes 13,396 tokens/second — 3.7x the baseline.

These results use only 4 GPUs with SP=4. With 8 GPUs (SP=8), you can push to even longer sequences — up to 256K+ tokens — or use 2D parallelism (SP=4, DP=2) to combine long-context training with data-parallel throughput.

Requirements

• HF Accelerate: deepspeed>=0.18.1 accelerate>=1.12
• HF Trainer: deepspeed>=0.18.1 accelerate>=1.12 transformers>=5.0
• HF TRL: deepspeed>=0.18.1 accelerate>=1.12 transformers>=5.0 trl>=0.18.0

Use flash_attention_2 for Ampere GPUs, or flash_attention_3 for Hopper GPUs. Wait for flash_attention_4 on Blackwell 🕰.

Resources

Documentation

• Accelerate: Context Parallelism Guide
• TRL: Distributing Training
• DeepSpeed Sequence Parallelism

Examples

• Accelerate ALST Example
• TRL Accelerate Configs

Papers

• Arctic Long Sequence Training: Scalable And Efficient Training For Multi-Million Token Sequences
• DeepSpeed Ulysses: System Optimizations for Enabling Training of Extreme Long Sequence Transformer Models

Related Blog Posts

• Accelerate ND-Parallel: A Guide to Efficient Multi-GPU Training
• Understanding Ulysses and Ring Attention
• Enabling Long-Context Training with Sequence Parallelism in Axolotl